Objective To improve understanding of molybdenum target mammographic findings of hydatid cyst of the breast.Methods The data of mammographic findings of 7 cases with hydatid cysts confirmed by operation and pathology were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The related literatures were reviewed.Results Among 7 cases of hydatial cysts, multiple cyst in one, singular cyst in 6, one of them was rupture caused by trauma. Mammography showed a circluar or elliptical dense shadow, the density was homogeneous with well defined margen, measured 4～8 cm in maximum diameter, 3 cases appeared typical shell-like calcification.Conclusion In combination with clinical and endemical data, molybdenum target mammography can be used in diagnosing hydatid cyst of the breast.

Objective To provide anatomical evidence for the repair of wounds of finger distal phalanx,espe-cially for the recovery of feeling. Methods 10 samples of fresh adult hand were dissected under microscope. The course,branches,distribution and external diameter of nerves and blood vessels in finger distal phalanx and morpho-logical relationship between nerves and vessels were measured. Results Proper palmar digital nerves mostly step over digital arteries at section starts of distal finger arterial arcades and go to finger pulps and latero-backs. Their thinks di-vide into 2 branches. Transverse diameters of interior and exterior branches are 0.8 ～ 1.2 mm and 0.9 ～ 1.4 mm re-spectively at liner semilunaris levels. Distributionsof left and right branches are reciprocal chiasmas. Conclusion Finger nerve mostly ramifies to finger pulp,finger tip and finger back at the level of phalangette bottom. Its branches are lower and thinner than concomitant arteries. The suitable anatomy region for anastomosis of nerves and blood ves-sels is the middle1/3 section from the distal interphalangeal joint to the nail during replanation of amputated finger pa-ratelum.

Objective To investigate CT and MRI features of extragonadal primary seminoma and improve its diagnostic accuracy.Methods The clinical and imaging features of 8 patients with extragonadal primary seminoma proved by histopathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results In 8 cases,4 cases were located in intracranial regions,4 cases in the abdominal and pelvic cavity.Detailedly,roundlike solid and cystic tumors were seen in the basal ganglia and thalamus in 2 cases.The mass density and signal were inhomogeneous in the necrotic area with slight peritumoral edema and heterogeneous enhancement,and hemorrhage and metastasis of the third ventricle were occurred inone case.Shallow lobulated tumor was occurred in the pineal region forone case,which MRI features included slightly low signal on T1 WI,equal or higher signal on T2 WI,with obvious enhancement and peripheral cystic change.There was one case in the sella area with slight high density on CT routine scan,and on MRI,slight equal signal on T1 WI,equal or higher signal on T2 WI.The pituitary stalk was involved with thickening.Tumor in suprasellar region was obviously enhanced,with a small uniformity enhancement nodule in the mouth of corpus callosum.4 cases were occurred in the abdominal and pelvic cavity,shallow lobulated tumors with varying degrees of necrosis were found on CT with infiltrating growth and slight to moderate enhancement,and swollen lymph nodes were found in retroperitoneal and mesenteric root areas.Conclusion Extragonadal primary seminoma is rare,there are some characteristic imaging findings,which contributes to improve diagnosis accuracy when combining with clinical data.

Objective To quantitative analyze the injury degree of cervical cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients using fractional anisotropy (FA) entropy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Methods Twenty-four CSM patients and well-match healthy volunteers underwent cervical cord DTI scanning.FA value was measured at each segment of spinal cord (including grey matter and white matter) of spinal cord level and intervertebral disc level.Further Shannon entropy of FA value was calculated in each segment to observe the disorder degree of cervical cord structure in CSM patients.After the analysis of homogeneity of variance,two samples t test analysis was used to identify FC's differences of FA and Shannon entropy of FA value between the two groups.Result In CSM group,the average FA value of whole cervical cord was 0.644 ± 0.056,while it was 0.672 ± 0.035 in the healthy control group.There was significant difference of FA values between the two groups (t=-2.049,P=0.046).The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was 0.687±0.043,while it was 0.854±0.027 in the healthy control group.The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was lower than that of control group.There was significant difference of FA entropy between the two groups (t=-12.100,P＜0.001).The significant difference between the two groups was only found at C6 level for each level's FA value.The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was significantly lower than that of control group for every level.Conclusion This decreased FA entropy of cervical cord in CSM patients indicates that FA entropy can be used to detect the disorder of cervical cord structure in CSM patients.

Objective To assess the altered regional homogeneity (ReHo) of local intrinsic cerebral activity within sensorimotor network(SMN) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) before or after spinal cord decompression using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods Twenty-one CSM patients who would decompress spinal canal, and 21 healthy volunteers (age, gender and level of education matched) were enrolled from June 2013 to April 2014. All the patients underwent rs-fMRI examination before and 3 months after spinal cord decompression. ReHo measurement was performed statistically within a SMN mask. A second-level random-effect 2-tailed Student's t test was applied to compare the ReHo results between pre-and post-operation CSM patients and healthy volunteers. A second-level paired 2-tailed Student's t test was applied to compare the ReHo results between pre-and post-operation CSM patients. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlations between the altered ReHo and clinical evaluation. Results Compared with healthy volunteers, pre-operation patients showed significantly lower ReHo in the left postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus, together with enhanced ReHo in the right superior parietal lobule (GRF correction, P<0.05). Post-operation CSM patients showed significantly lower ReHo in the right superior parietal lobule comparing with healthy volunteers, as well as enhanced ReHo in the left postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus comparing with pre-operation (GRF correction, P<0.05). Abnormal ReHo areas in CSM patients demonstrated no significant correlation with clinical measurements (P>0.05) between pre-operation and post-operation. Conclusions Myelopathy in cervical cord may affect intrinsic cerebral activity, as patients with CSM show disrupted regional homogeneity within sensorimotor network. The change of ReHo following decompression suggests that central plasticity may influence functional recovery.

Objective To investigate the alterations of regional spontaneous activity in patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) during resting state.Methods Twenty-seven patients with CTN (CTN group) and 27 healthy subjects (control group) were recruited and underwent a rest-state functional MRI.The regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis was used to compare the differences of regional synchronization of spontaneous brain activity.And correlation tests were performed between ReHo values in the abnormal brain areas and clinical metrics (visual analogue scale and disease duration) of the disease.Results Compared with control group (P＜0.05,Gaussian random field correction),ReHo increased in bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary motor cortex (M1),right supplementary motor area (SMA),inferotemporal cortex and cerebellum,left thalamus,limbic lobe,parahippocampa gyrus,middle and superior temporal gyrus in CTN group;ReHo decreased in bilateral insula,prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex,right frontal medial cortex and superior temporal gyrus,left anterior cingulate area,supramarginal gyrus and cerebellum in CTN group.ReHo values in right frontal medial cortex was negatively correlated with the course of disease (r=-0.45,P=0.03).The ReHo values of left primary sensorimotor cortex were positively correlated with the visual analogue scale scores (r=0.46,P=0.02).Conclusion CTN patients has abnormal functional homogeneity of spontaneous brain activity in regions involved in the pain processing,which can help understanding mechanism of CTN.

Objective To investigate CT features of primary ileocecum lymphoma (PIL),to improve the ability of CT diagnosis for the disease.Methods CT data of 12 patients with PIL confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.All of the patients underwent plain CT, and 8 cases of them also underwent enhanced CT.Results Among the 12 cases of PIL, there were mass type in 2 and diffused thickness type in 10.The length of the intestinal lesions ranged from 7.8 to 18.5 cm (mean 10.2 cm).Lumen was irregular or aneurysmal dilation in 9, and obvious stenosis in 3.Intestinal wall was soft in 10,and rigid in 2.Plain CT showed that the thickened intestinal wall was soft tissue density.Among the 8 cases performed enhanced CT,6 were approximately homogeneous enhancement, and 2 had small necrosis area without enhancement.Maximum intensity projection(MIP) displayed the lesion had blood supply from the branches of the superior mesenteric artery.Enlarged lymph nodes were detected around the lesions, in root of the mesentery, and in the retroperitoneum in 9.1 case was accompanied with intestinal obstruction,1 case was accompanied with intestinal perforation.Conclusion If CT examination found a homogeneous soft tissue mass in ileocecum with long extent, lumen dilation, soft intestinal wall,mild-to-moderate delayed homogeneous enhancement, PIL should be considered.

Objective To examine brain regions with a functional connection to posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in a relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) group compared with matched control subjects,and to employ resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to PCC connectivity gathered by investigating synchronic low frequency fMRI signal fluctuations of default mode network with seed-based correlation analysis (SCA).Methods Twenty-seven patients with RRMS (RRMS group) and 27 age-,and sexmatched healthy controls (HC group) were examined by resting-state fMRI,DTI and 3D-T1 on Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T.The fMRI data preprocessing and processing was performed using Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI Advanced Edition (DPARSFA) based on Matlab 2012a,and PCC (-5,-49,40)was selected as seed.An SCA approach was used to analyze the rs-fMRI data.We examined the differences in SCA-derived connectivity metrics in patients with RRMS and healthy controls,and analyzed correlations between connectivity correlation coefficient of the differences regions and MRI-derived metrics (brain parenchymal fraction,T2 lesion load),as well as clinical metrics (expanded disability status scale,paced auditory serial addition test,and disease duration) of the disease.Results The SCA via functional connectivity of PCC showed that the temporal correlation between the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals of the default mode network was reliable spatial patterns of activation in patients with RRMS.The lower connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus within default mode network,and higher connectivity in right posterior lobe of cerebellum,right crus of cerebellum,right medial frontal gyrus,right medial occipital gyrus,left precuneus/cingulate gyrus,right angular gyrus and right cingulate gyrus were found in our study.Significant negative-related was observed between the paced auditory serial addition test and functional connectivity in right middle temporal gyrus (0.387 ± 0.216) of RRMS patients (r =-0.59,P =0.001).Significant negative correlation also was observed between the course of disease and functional connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus (0.039 ± 0.293) in patients (r =-0.39,P =0.041).There was no significant correlations between other regions with different functional connectivity and expanded disability status scale,disease duration,or brain atrophy.The connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus,left medial occipital gyrus,left precentral gyrus was decreased; and connectivity in right cerebellum anterior lobe (dentate),right frontal lobe white matter was significantly increased.Significant positive correlation was observed between the course of disease and functional connectivity in left precentral gyrus (-0.924 ± 0.253),right cerebellum anterior lobe (dentate ;0.217 ± 0.208) of RRMS patients (r =0.650,P =0.000;r =0.436,P =0.023),respectively.Conclusion These findings reveal the compensatory mechanism of the brain in response to structural damage,by means of increased activation or synchronization of default mode network,which seems to be finite.

Objective To explore the value of MR dynamic contrast-enhancement in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast at 3.0T MR magneton.Methods 17 cases of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma underwent plain MRI and MR dynamic contrast-enhanced scan using 3.0T MR scanners with dedicated breast coil.All cases were confirmed by surgery and pathology.MRI signal intensity,morphology and hemodynamic characteristics of lesions were analysed.Results 17 breast infiltrating ductal carcinomas in 17 cases all appeared as masses,low(8/17)or equal(9/17)signal intensity on T_1WI,high(14/17)or equal(3/17)signal intensity on T_2WI.On morphology,the lesions were irregular and lobulated in shape(82.4%,14/17);undefinite margins(12/17)or non-smooth margins(15/17),glitch sign or astral sign(7/17);the lesions showed non-uniform marked enhancement(10/17)or ring enhancement(5/17)after intravenous administration of contrast agent.82.4%(14/17)of the lesions,the blood vessels could be seen gathering around the lesions on the maximum intensity projection(MIP)image.On hemodynamics,the early enhanced ratio for all cases was over 90%;88.2%(15/17)of the lesions,peak enhancement was less than three minutes;the time-signal intensity curve of the lesions appeared as type Ⅱ was 35.3%(6/17)and type Ⅲ was 58.8%(10/17)mostly.Conclusion Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI manifestations of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma are of certain characteristics,which may contribute to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of DTI for prostate cancer.Methods From October 2009 to December 2010,44 patients suspected of prostate cancer received MRI and DTI.The data of MRI and DTI were analyzed retrospectively.By histopathology,prostate cancer was proved in 16 patients,and benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) was proved in 28 patients.Differences in ADC and FA values between prostate cancer and BPH were compared by independent samples t test.Diagnostic accuracy of FA value and ADC value for prostate cancer was analyzed by using ROC curve,and the diagnostic threshold of FA value and ADC value for prostate cancer was determined.Results The mean FA value of the tumor regions and BPH were 0.308 +0.084 and 0.203 ±0.029,respectively.The mean ADC value of the tumor regions and BPH were (0.883 +0.192) × 10 -3 mm2/s and ( 1.408 ±0.130) × 10-3 mm2/s,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in ADC and FA values between tumor regions and BPH (t values were 4.833 and 10.779 respectively,P＜0.01).The ADC value area under curve of ROC was 0.996 (95％ CI was 0.984 to 1.007) ; the FA value area under curve of ROC was 0.904(95％ CI was 0.812 to 0.996) ; Combined the FA and ADC value area under curve of ROC is 0.996(95％ CI was 0.984to 1.007) ; Using the ADC value of 0.725 × 10 3 mm2/s as the ROC cut off point,the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100.0％ and 96.0％,respectively; Using the FA value of 0.311as the ROC cut off point,the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 100.0％ and 68.7％,respectively.Conclusion DTI imaging can provide valuable information for prostate cancer diagnosis and differential diagnosis,and improve the diagnosis ability of prostate cancer.