Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of ATP sensitive potassium channel opening agent nicorandil com‐bined with classical treatment drug metformin for treating type 2 diabetes nephropathy (T2DN ) .Methods Thirty patients with T2DN were selected and divided into the control group(14 cases) and the experimental group(16 cases) .The control group was giv‐en metformin 0 .25 g ,3 times daily for 26 consecutive weeks .The experiment group was given the same dose of metformin and nic‐orandil 5 mg ,3 times daily for 26 weeks .The fasting blood glucose ,total cholesterol ,triglycerides ,low‐density lipoprotein(LDL) , high density lipoprotein(HDL) ,blood urea nitrogen ,serum creatinine ,urine albumin ,IL‐6 and MMP‐9 levels before and after treat‐ment were measured in both groups .Results There was no statistically significant difference in fasting blood glucose level after treatment between the control group and the experimental group(P>0 .05);the LDL level after treatment in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group with statistical difference(P<0 .05);blood urea nitrogen ,serum creatinine and urine albumin levels after treatment in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group with sta‐tistical difference(P<0 .05);the levels of serum IL‐6 and MMP‐9 after treatment in the experiment group were significantly lower than those in the control group with statistical difference(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Metformin combined with nicorandil could delay the progression of T2DN .

AIM: This study aimed at investigating the effects and mechanism of total alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis (TA) on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. METHODS: The experimental gastric damages were established by intragastric ethanol, and the protective effects of TA were evaluated by calculating lesion indices contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity from rat gastric mucosa were measured to explore the interrelation between therapeutic effects of TA and these factors. The expressions of neuronal nitrogen monoxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS)from ethanol-damaged gastric mucosa in rats were analysised using immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: TA significantly inhibited the gastric injury induced by ethanol ,in dose-dependent manner,and the effect of TA was superior to that of Berberine (Ber). TA obviously antric mucosa. TA significantly suppressed ethanol-induced decreasing nNOS and eNOS expression and elevation of iNOS expression in rat gastric mucosa. CONCLUSION: Rhizoma Coptidis is a potent candidate in therapeutic drugs of human alcohol-induced gastric injury. Its anti-injury effects involve in Ber and other ingredients of TA. The protective mechanisms of TA involve in inhibiting generation of oxygen-derived free radical, accelerating scavenging of free radicals, relieving lipid peroxidation, and maintaining NO content in normal level by inhibiting decreasing of nNOS and eNOS expression and elevation of iNOS expression.

Objective To investigate the expression of endostatin (ES) in rat peritoneum and its association with peritoneal neoangiogensis. Methods Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control rats (C group), renal failure without PD rats (non-PD group), rats dialyzed with 1.5% PD solution (1.5% PD group) and 4.25% PD solution (4.25% PD group). After regular PD for 28 days, mRNA and protein expression of ES in peritoneal tissues of each group were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. Microvessel density (MVD) of peritoneal tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry with CD34 monoclonal antibody. Results ES mRNA was expressed in each group, 0.47±0.05 in C group, 0.45±0.04 in non-PD group, 0.46±0.04 in 1.5%PD group, 0.47±0.03 in 4.25%PD group, and no significant differences were found among groups. Score of ES protein expression was O in C group, 2 in non-PD group, 4 in 1.5%PD group, and 9 in 4.25%PD group. MVD was 3.13±1.13 in C group, 5.13±1.14 in non-PD group, 9.00±1.51 in 1.5%PD group, 10.75±1.83 in 4.25%PD group, and significant differences were found among groups. Conclusion Uremia circumstance and non-physiological compatibility peritoneal dialysate can increase ES protein expression and MVD, which may participate in and have effects on the course of peritoneal neoangiogensis.

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative analgesia with difference methods on immunity in patients after thoracic tumour surgery. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients aged 35-65 years old undergoing thoracic tumour surgery were randomized to receive either postoperative patient- controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) (group Ⅰ, 20 cases) or patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) (group E, 20 cases) for 48 h. Medicine compatibility in group Ⅰ: sulfentanyl 1μg/ml, tropisetron 0.05 mg/ml, the PCIA pump was set up to deliver a 5 ml bolus dose with a 15-min lockout interval and background infusion at 2 ml/h. Epidual catheter was placed at T4-5interspace before induction of anesthesia in group E. The PCEA solution contained 2 mg/ml ropivacaine. The PCEA pump was set up to deliver a 2 ml bolus dose with a 15-min lockout interval and background infusion at 2 ml/h after a loading dose of 0.33% ropivacame 6 ml. The VAS score, Ramsay sedation score and complications were reeorded. Blood samples were taken before induction (baseline) and at 2 h and 1st, 3rd and 7th day after surgery for determination of plasma concentrations of cortisol, interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the level of natural killer (NK) cells and eytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Results There was no significant difference in VAS score at 2 h after operation between two groups [(1.8±0.3) scores in group Ⅰ and (1.8±0.5)scores in group E].Ramsay sedation score at Ist, 3rd and 7th day after operation in group E were significantly lower than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), The plasma concentration of cortisol at 2 h and Ist, 3rd, 7th day after operation in group Ewere significantly lower than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), the levels of IL-2, NK cells and CIK cells in group E were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). Conclusions The efficacy of postoperative PCEA in improving immunity after thoracic tumour surgery is better than that of postoperative PCIA.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of large dosage capoten(captopril)combined with irbesartan in the treatment of congestive heart failure(CHF).Methods One hundreds thirty nine patients of CHF were occasionally divided into two groups:large dosage capoten group(n=61)and large dosage capoten+irbesartan group (n=78).240 days later,the changes of cardiothoracic ratio(CTR),left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LEVD),left ventricular end contract surface(LVES),left ventricular eiection fraction(LVEF),6-minute walking test (6MWT),admission frequency,and mortality rate were observed before and after therapy.Results Large dosage capoten+irbesartan group can significantly reduce the admission frequency of CHF patients(P＜0.01),while large dosage capoten group was better than large dosage capoten+irbesartan group in 6MWT,LEVD,LVES,and LVEF (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in CTR and mortality rate between two groups(P＞0.05)Conclusion Capoten combined with irbesartan have better clinical effects than single capoten in the treatment of CHF and it was worthy of extending in clinic.

Objective: To isolate the key domain of a novel polypeptide fragment from NGN-β that functions like intact NGF molecule.Methods: NGF-β had been treated with cyanogen bromide and trypsin skillfully. The peptide fragment with the activity inducing PC12 pheochromocytoma cells differentiation was isolated and purified by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography , DE-52 celluloseion exchange chromatography and C-18 reversed-phase column HPLC after NGF-β cleavaged by CNBr at 9th met then by trypsin at Arg or Lyscleavaged by CNBr at 9th met then by trypsin at Arg or Lys. Amino acid sequencing of this novel peptide fragment was performed by Automatic Amino Acid Analyser and Amino Acid Sequencer. Results: The functional fragment from cleavaged NGF might induce differentiation of PC12 cells. The fragment was consisting of two linear polypeptides . One of them was 16 peptide, GEFSVCDSVSVWVGDK , and other was 14 peptide, HWNSYCTTTHTFVK, linked by a disulphide bridge corresponding to residues 10～25 and 75～88, respectively, of the amino acid sequence of nerve growth factor, the result of biological activity assay in PC12 cells showed that the optimum concentration of this peptide were 0.001～0.1 μg*L-1. Conclusion: A novel peptide inducing differentiation of PC12 cell line of pheochromocytoma cells was obtained in the study. It′s isolation and purification successfully will underlie synthesis or expression of hyperactive neurotrophic small molecular substance although the relationship between the configuration and functions is not clearly.

BACKGROUND:The existed artificial anal sphincter cannot sense whether there are intestinal contents in the bowel and the state of intestinal contents, and the previous studies on the intestinal content signal did not included the different parts of colon and the signals of different intestinal content status.
OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences of ultrasound signals of different intestinal content status in different parts of New Zealand rabbits detected with transmission-type ultrasonic signal detection system.
METHODS:Twenty healthy New Zealand rabbits were used;the rabbits were divided into groups according to distal part of proximal colon, distal colon and distal rectum. Five positions of solid stool particles were selected randomly as the detection point in each group. The voltage signals of stool were measured under solid, fluid, gaseous, and deflation status of the lumen.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In rectum, there were no significant differences in voltage signals between solid and gaseous conditions, while there were significant differences between fluid and deflation conditions (P=0.000). Multiple comparison showed there were significant differences between four conditions in distal part of proximal colon and distal colon (P=0). There were significant differences in voltage singles between rectum, distal colon and proximal colon under solid and fluid conditions (P=0). Multiple comparison showed there were significant differences in any part of large bowel for solid and fluid status (P=0). There were no significant differences in voltage singles between rectum, distal colon and proximal colon under gaseous and deflation conditions. There was interactive effect of intestinal contents between three parts of large bowel under the four conditions (P=0.000). Transmission-type ultrasonic detection system can distinguish artificial intestinal contents sensory nerves of various intestinal contents. And the application of ultrasonic detection system to detect the intestinal contents under different conditions can provide a new effective method for the research on artificial intestinal content sensory nerves.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the expression of spinal matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in a rat model of neuropathic pain (NP).Methods Eighty-one adult male SpragueDawley rats,weighing 190-230 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =27 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S); group NP; dexmedetomidine group (group Dex).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.The right sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread in NP and Dex groups.In group Dex,dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day starting from the end of operation until the animals were sacrificed.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead of dexmedetomidine in S and NP groups.Paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimulation (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured at 1 day before operation (To,baseline) and 5,9 and 16 days after operation (T1-3).Nine animals were sacrificed after measurement of pain threshold at T1-3 and their lumbar segments (L4,5) of the spinal cord were removed for detection of MMP-9 expression (by immuno-histochemistry) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) content (by ELISA).Results Compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and the levels of MMP-9 and TNF-α were increased at T1-3 in NP and Dex groups.Compared with NP group,MWT was significantly increased,TWL was prolonged,and the levels of MMP-9 and TNF-α were decreased at T1-3 in Dex group.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can inhibit up-regulation of MMP-9 expression,and decrease inflammatory responses,thus attenuating NP in rats.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol on the expression of hippocampal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) and NMDA receptor in a rat model of inflammatory pain (IP).Methods A total of 32 female Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =8 each):control group (group C),group IP,and different doses of propofol groups (P1,2 groups).IP was induced by injection of formalin.In group C,normal saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.1 ml/kg were injected intraperitoneally.In group IP,normal saline and DMSO 0.1 ml/kg were injected intraperitoneally,and 5 min later formalin was injected.In P1,2 groups,propofol 30 and 100 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected,respectively,and 5 min later formalin was injected.The pain behavior of rats was observed within 1 h after injection of formalin and pain intensity scoring (PIS) value was calculated.The animals were sacrificed at 1 h after injection of formalin and the hippocampi were isolated for determination of GABAA and NMDA receptor expression by immunohistochemisty.Results Compared with group C,PIS value was significantly increased,GABAA and NMDA receptor expression was up-regulated in IP and P1.2 groups.Compared with group IP,PIS value was significantly decreased,GABAA receptor expression was up-regulated,and NMDA receptor expression was down-regulated in P1,2 groups.PIS value was significantly lower,GABAA receptor expression was higher,and NMDA receptor expression was lower in group P2 than in group P1.Conclusion Intraperitoneal propofol can down-regulate NMDA receptor expression in hippocampi of rats with IP,thus inhibiting responses to pain sensitivity; intraperitoneal propofol can up-regulate hippocampal GABAA receptor expression,thus enhancing endogenous mechanism of analgesia.

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric( HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four phenolic and salicylanilide anthelmintics including nitroxinil, oxyclozanide, closantel and rafoxanide in cattle and ovine tissues. Muscle, liverand kidney were extracted with acetonitrile-acetone(60:40, V/V)and fat with 1% triethylamine in acetonitrile, then the extract was purified with MAX solid-phase extraction column. Qualitative and quantitative analysiswas achieved by HPLC-MS/MS undernegative multiple reaction monitoring ( MRM) mode. Good correlation coefficients were obtained (R>0. 99) in the concentration range of 1-100 μg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of qualification (LOQ) for the four compounds were 1 and 2. 5 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recoveries at the four levels of LOQ, 0. 5 maximum residue limit (MRL), MRL, 2MRL were between 71% and 112%,with the intra-day relative standard deviation(RSD)in the range of 1. 1%-14. 0%and inter-day RSD in the range of 6. 4%-14. 7%. Forty samples from the market were analyzed with the method, only two samples were found to show phenolic and salicylanilide anthelmintics residues.