Glycyrrhizic acid, as the main active ingredient of Glycyrrhiza, has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitussive, expectorant, immunomodulatory and other pharmacological effects. In recent years, many new clinical uses of glycyrrhizic acid have been found, and glycyrrhizic acid has an effect on human and animal cytochrome P 450. This paper summarizes the clinical application of glycyrrhizic acid and its effect on cytochrome P 450, providing reference for clinical rational use of glycyrrhizic acid preparation.

Objective:To observe the effects of sparrow-pecking moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4)on the writhing reaction and score,the temperature and blood flow perfusion of moxibustion point area and uterus,the serum levels of arginine vasopressin(AVP),prostaglandin(PG)F2α,and thromboxane(TX)B2 in rats with primary dysmenorrhea(PD)due to cold-dampness stagnation,and to explore the possible mechanism of sparrow-pecking moxibustion in treating PD.Methods:Thirty-two healthy non-pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal group,a model group,an ibuprofen group,and a sparrow-pecking moxibustion group,with 8 rats in each group.Except for the normal group,the other three groups were subjected to modeling with cold water bath combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin injection.Rats in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group were treated with sparrow-pecking moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4)on the 8th day of modeling,30 min/time,once a day for 3 d;those in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL ibuprofen solution(a specification of 125 mg in 10 mL)on the 8th day of modeling,once a day for 3 d;those in the normal group and the model group were given 0.8 mL normal saline,once a day for 3 d.On the 11th day,rats in each group were intraperitoneally injected with oxytocin(2 U/rat),and the writhing incubation period and writhing score in 20 min were observed;the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque(CV8),Guanyuan(CV4),and uterus in vivo were detected;the serum levels of AVP,PGF2α,and TXB2 were determined.Results:The writhing incubation period was significantly longer(P<0.01)and the writhing score was significantly lower(P<0.01)in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group and the ibuprofen group than in the model group;compared with the ibuprofen group,the writhing incubation period was prolonged(P<0.01)and the writhing score was decreased(P<0.01)in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group;compared with the normal group,the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque(CV8),Guanyuan(CV4),and uterus were significantly decreased,while the serum PGF2α,AVP,and TXB2 levels were significantly increased(P<0.01)in the model group;compared with the model group,the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque(CV8),Guanyuan(CV4),and uterus were significantly increased,and the serum levels of PGF2α,AVP,and TXB2 were significantly decreased in the ibuprofen group and the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group(P<0.05 or P<0.01);compared with the ibuprofen group,the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque(CV8),Guanyuan(CV4),and uterus were significantly increased(P<0.05),the serum AVP and TXB2 levels were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while the serum PGF2α level had no statistical difference in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Sparrow-pecking moxibustion had a remarkable analgesic effect on the rats with PD due to cold-dampness stagnation,and the mechanism may be related to the increased temperature and blood perfusion of the moxibustion point area and uterus,as well as the decreased serum PGF2α,AVP,and TXB2 levels.

Objective:To observe the effects of preventative moxibustion on analgesia,substance P(SP),prostaglandin(PG)F2α and PGE2 in rats with dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation,and to explore the analgesic mechanism. Methods:Sixty-four female Wistar non-pregnant rats were randomly divided into a blank group,a model group,a Western medicine group,and a preventative moxibustion group,with 16 rats in each group.Eight qualified diestrus rats were selected from each group.Except for the blank group,the other three groups established models of dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation using an ice water bath combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.On the 8th day after modeling,the preventative moxibustion group was treated with gentle moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4),and the Western medicine group was given ibuprofen solution for 4 consecutive days.On the 11th day,the intervention groups(i.e.the Western medicine group and the preventative moxibustion group)were treated once again after being injected with oxytocin.The writhing score and the pain threshold of rats were determined;the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),SP,PGF2α,and PGE2 were measured;the mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB)in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus were detected. Results:Compared with the blank group,the writhing score increased(P<0.01),the pain threshold decreased(P<0.01),the serum levels of BDNF,SP,and PGF2α increased(P<0.01),while the PGE2 decreased(P<0.01);the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus increased(P<0.01)in the model group.Compared with the model group,the writhing score decreased,the pain threshold increased,the serum BDNF,SP,and PGF2α levels decreased significantly,the serum PGE2 level increased,and the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus decreased significantly in the preventative moxibustion group and the Western medicine group,while the inter-group differences were significant(P<0.01).Compared with the Western medicine group,the writhing score decreased,the pain threshold increased,the serum BDNF,SP,and PGF2α,levels decreased,the serum PGE2 level increased,and the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus in the preventative moxibustion group decreased significantly,while the inter-group differences were significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion:Preventative moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4)can improve the pain sensitization state of rats with dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation,down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus;regulation of the serum SP,PGF2α,and PGE2 levels may be part of the mechanism.

Background and Purpose:Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Europan and North American males.The incidence of prostate cancer has also been increasing during the past few decades in China.It is widely accepted that this heterogeneity,which results from the tumor progression driven largely by genomic instability(genetic and/or epigenetic alterations)of tumor cells in primary tumor,endows specific populations of tumor cells with the unique character needed for invasion,migration,and metastasis colony formation in other organs and only these subpopulations possessing thost character can survive the potentially destructive journey from the primary tumor to the sites of metastases.The purpose of the present study was to explore the genes associated with invasion and metastasis of human prostate cancer cell line PC-3M in nude mice.Methods:After PC-3M cells were inoculated into orthotopic site(prostate) in a male nude mouse for two months,tumor cells were isolated from the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis,separately.Cell invasion and adhesion ability in vitro were first compared between two cells.Then metastasis-related genes differentially expressed between them were analyzed by utilizing cDNA microarray technique.Results:The in vitro cell invasion and adhesion potential of tumor cells from lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than those from primary tumor by 2.5 fold and 1.5 fold,respectively.Metastasis-related genes differentially expressed between those two sublines were identified,all of them were up-regulated in the tumor cells from lymph node metastasis and could be categorilized: 1.genes encoding cellular matrix-degrading proteolytic enzyme including cathepsin and MMP.2.genes encoding transcription factors.3.genes related to heterotypic adhesion of tumor cells.4.genes encoding cell surface receptors.Conclusions:There are significant differences in invasion and adhesion potential between cells from primary tumor and those from lymph node metastasis.Some differentially expressed molecules might be playing pivotal roles in promoting tumor cells to migrate from primary tumors to distant metastases,which may be helpful to elucidate the possible mechanism of metastasis in prostate cancer.

Objective:To evaluate the effects and adverse reactions of external skin care products containing oltides and bio-polysaccharides on epidermaligopep barrier function of sensitive skin.Methods:From December 2019 to July 2020, there were 30 sensitive skin volunteers diagnosed and treated in the dermatology clinic of Beijing Tongren Hospital, including 3 males and 27 females, aged 18-57 years, with an average of 34 years, and the course of disease was 1-10 years, with an average of 5.75 years. They were treated once with products containing oligopeptides and biopolysaccharides on the day of enrollment. Before treatment, 1 week and 4 weeks after treatment, we observed and evaluated through VISIA analysis; skin physiological index measurement, subjective and objective improvement assessment, and product safety were evaluated through questionnaire surveys.Results:The VISIA data showed that the red zone was significantly lower than the baseline, and the data at the 4th week and before treatment were significantly improved ( P<0.05). On skin physiology, the test showed that after treatment, the difference between two follow-up visits and the water content before was statistically significant ( P<0.05). TEWL value after 4 weeks of treatment was significantly improved as compared with the baseline ( P<0.05). During the entire study process, no adverse reactions related to the product occurred. Conclusions:This skin care product containing oligopeptides and biopolysaccharides can increase the water content of the sensitive skin, reduce the water loss through the skin, and improve the skin barrier function. Meanwhile, no server adverse reaction is detected through the whole experiment.

Objective To observe the analgesic effects of mild moxibustion on primary dysmenorrhea(PD)rats with cold and dampness stagnation syndrome and its effect on BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in hypothalamus;To explore its mechanism for the treatment of PD.Methods A total of 32 Wistar non-pregnant female rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,Western medicine group and mild moxibustion group,with 8 rats in each group.Except for the blank group,the other groups received estradiol benzoate intraperitoneal injection combined with ice bath treatment + oxytocin intraperitoneal injection to establish PD with cold and dampness stagnation syndrome model.The mild moxibustion group received treatment at"Shenque"and"Guanyuan"from the eighth day of modeling for 10 min,and the Western medicine group was given ibuprofen solution intragastically for 4 days.The latency period of rats twisting was observed and the twisting score was calculated,Western blot and PCR were used to detect the expressions of c-fos,BDNF,TrkB protein and mRNA in hypothalamic tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group showed a shortened latency period and an increased twisting score(P<0.01),the expressions of c-fos,BDNF,TrkB protein and mRNA in hypothalamic tissue increased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the mild moxibustion group had a longer latency period and lower twisting score(P<0.01),while the expressions of c-fos,BDNF,TrkB protein and mRNA in hypothalamic tissue increased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Mild moxibustion may effectively improve the pain state of PD rats with cold and dampness stagnation syndrome.This mechanism may be related to downregulating c-fos expression,inhibiting BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway activation,thereby inhibiting pain signal transmission,regulating pain occurrence and maintenance.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of dapagliflozin combined with metformin on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:A total of 100 patients with T2DM who received treatment in The Second People's Hospital of Hefei from June 2019 to May 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into a control group ( n = 50) and an experimental group ( n = 50). The control group was treated with metformin, and the experimental group was treated with dagglitazin combined with metformin. All patients were treated for 3 months. Blood glucose index, blood lipid level, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:After treatment, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in the experimental group were (5.56 ± 0.37) mmol/L, (8.32 ± 0.23) mmol/L, and (6.17 ± 0.26)% respectively, which were significantly lower than (6.96 ± 0.48) mmol/L, (9.58 ± 0.39) mmol/L, and (7.27 ± 0.26)% respectively in the control group ( t = 3.59, 6.92, 5.03, all P < 0.05). The total cholesterol and triglyceride in the experimental group were (3.58 ± 0.53) mmol/L and (1.25±0.26) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (4.94 ± 0.58) mmol/L and (1.93 ± 0.18) mmol/L in the control group ( t = 3.16, 4.25, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Dapagliflozin combined with metformin can effectively control blood glucose and blood lipid in T2DM patients without increasing adverse reactions.

AIM: To investigate the polymorphism distribution of lipid and drug metabolism-related genes of SLCO1B1 and ApoE in patients with cardiovascular disease of Han nationality in Anhui province, and to evaluate the benefit-risk ratio of individual use of statins. METHODS: PCR fluorescence probe technique was used to detect the genetic polymorphism of rs2306283 (388A>G) and rs4149056 (521T>C) of SLCO1B1 as well as rs429358 (388 T>C) and rs7412 (526C>T) of ApoE in 736 individuals diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases in the inpatient department of the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from January 2019 to August 2020 were included. The distribution characteristics of SLCO1B1 and ApoE genotypes were analyzed according to the gender of the subjects, and the results of genetic polymorphism were compared with the data of cardiovascular disease patients in other areas of China. RESULTS: Six genotypes of SLCO1B1 had been detected. They were *1a/*1a (6.11%), *1a/*1b (29.08%), *1b/*1b (44.57%), *1a/*15 (4.08%), *1b/*15 (15.49%) and *15/*15 (0.68%), while *1a/*5, *5/*5 and *5/*15 had not been detected. Six genotypes of ApoE had been detected. They were E2/E2 (0.41%), E2/E3 (11.96%), E2/E4 (1.09%), E3/E3 (67.66%), E3/E4 (17.93%) and E4/E4 (0.95%). The frequency distribution of genetic polymorphism of these two genes satisfied the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium, which was representative of the population. In this study, the proportion of people with SLCO1B1 normal myopathy risk was the highest, accounting for 79.76%; SLCO1B1 had a lower proportion of people with moderate myopathy risk and high myopathy risk were 19.57% and 0.68%, respectively. The reduced risk, normal risk and increased risk phenotypes of ApoE were respectively 12.37%, 68.75% and 18.88%. There was no statistically significant difference in SLCO1B1 and ApoE genotypes beween gender. Compared with patients with cardiovascular disease in Southern China area, the distribution of ApoE genetic polymorphism was significantly different in Anhui. CONCLUSION: The SLCO1B1 and ApoE genetic polymorphism of 736 patients with cardiovascular diseases in Anhui were mainly normal myopathy risk types with higher dose tolerance of statins as well as popular genotypes that were sensitive to statins, and the application of statins has a lower risk of myopathy and a good effect on lipid reduction. The polymorphism of the two genes was not affected by gender, but the distribution phenotypes of ApoE might be different in regional characteristics. The detection of SLCO1B1 and ApoE genetic polymorphism is significant for evaluation of benefit-risk ratios, thereby guiding statins clinical treatment.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of PDCA cycle on prophylactic use of antibiotics in laparoscopic cholecystectomy during perioperative period and to conduct pharmacoeconomic analysis. METHODS Using retrospective analysis method， 80 discharged patients of each group underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly selected from Hefei Second People’s Hospital before PDCA cycle （from May to June 2019）， after the first round of PDCA cycle （from May to June 2020）， after the second round of PDCA cycle （from May to June 2021） according to real or basic reasons for irrational drug use. The rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics for patients was evaluated. The general situation， antibiotic use， clinical efficacy and treatment cost of patients were compared before cycle and after the first and second rounds of PDCA cycle. Cost-effectiveness analysis method and sensitivity analysis method were adopted to evaluate pharmacoeconomic significance of PDCA cycle. RESULTS After two rounds of PDCA cycle， the irrational rate of antibiotics， cost ratio of antibiotics， the number of days of antibiotics use， DDDs， drug utilization index， the frequency of antibiotics use per capita， the total amount of antibiotics， the cost of antibiotics， the total amount of drugs， and the total cost of hospitalization all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The results of cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that the pharmacoeconomic effect was the best after two rounds of PDCA cycle； the results of sensitivity analysis were consistent with it， which confirmed the reliability of the research results. CONCLUSIONS PDCA CPA- cycle promotes the rational use of antibiotics of laparoscopic cholecystectomy during perioperative period， reduces the cost of antibiotics and relieves the economic burden of patients.

Objective To characterize a species of the genus Tricula and parasitized trematodes in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province using a molecular analysis, so as to understand their taxonomic positions. Methods Tricula spp. and Oncomelania snails were collected from Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, and cercaria parasitizing snails were observed using crushing followed by microscopy. Cercaria parasitizing Tricula snails at various morphologies were sampled using a shedding method. Genomic DNA was extracted from snail soft tissues and cercariae, and the 16S rRNA, COI, 28S rDNA genes in snails and the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes in cercariae were amplified using a PCR assay and sequenced. The species of Tricula snails and their parasitized trematodes was characterized using sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Results Among 382 Tricula snails detected, there were three types of trematode cercariae found, including the non-forked (20.94%, 80/382), double-forked (3.40%, 13/382) and swallow shapes (7.07%, 27/382). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the 16S rRNA, COI and 28S rDNA gene sequences of this species of Tricula had high homology to those in Delavaya dianchiensis, and were clustered in a branch. Sequencing analysis of the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes revealed that the non-forked cercariae belonged to the family Pleu- rogenidae, the swallow-shaped cercariae belonged to the family Opecoelidae, and the double-forked cercariae belonged to another species of the genus Schistosoma that was different from S. sinensium and S. ovuncatum. Conclusion The species and taxonomy of Triculla spp. and their parasitized trematodes are preliminarily determined in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province; however, further studies are required to investigate the more definite taxonomy and pathogenicity.