This paper reviewed the research of functional electrical stimulation (FES) in China, including mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong, based on the literature. Specially, the research and development on FES system and device was discussed.

The vascular endothelial cells (VECs) are not only a mechanical barrier of blood cycle cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, but also largest and most important type of endocrine organs.Because of its mechanical barrier action It is highly susceptible to in vitro and in vivo a variety of physical and chemical factors in the injury; damaged VECsvascular endothelial cells, especially the disordered endocrine function, the inevitable imbalance to a variety of active substances secreted or related active substances, finally result in dysfunction of cardiovascular system.This article reviews many mechanisms underlying VECsvascular endothelial cell injury, investigates VECsvascular endothelial cell repair mechanisms, and study ways to protect and repair the injured VECsvascular endothelial cells, and improve the prognosis of vascular disease.

The special environmental features of high altitude, such as hypobaric hypoxia, low temperature, arid, high solar radiation, variable climate and geochemical anomaly, cause great effects on human physiology and health. It will provide valuable references and new ideas to study drug's metabolism in special environment of high altitude hypoxia, and give the guidance to clinical reasonable medication, avoiding adverse reactions and personalized medicine in plateau areas. This article reviewed the effect of high altitude hypoxia on drug metabolism, elaborated metabolic characteristics of some drugs and the activity and expression of drug metabolism enzymes under hypoxia environment at high altitude, and discussed related mechanism.

Objective To explore the clinical curative effect of AF system combined vertebra re-duction and posterolateral bone fusion treatment thoracolumbar burst fracture .Methods Seventeen pa-tients with thoracolumbar burst fracture using period stage , according to the system of AF clinical symptoms and image data line pressure decreased , and the pressure or not to hurt inside the vertebral pedicle autoge-nous bone grafts are grain filling and vertebral posterolateral line between the axon , lamina around small joints and bone , and postoperative follow-up X-ray inspection regularly , observe internal fixation and verte-bral vertebral height and adjacent intervertebral space changes , or after fixation and reset lost .Results following up 13 months, vertebral body height restore and maintain good , bolt looseness and broken and ver-tebral body height complications such as lost were no found in 17 cases.Conclusion Treatments of Poste-rior fixation combined short stage AF vertebral body and posterolateral bone fusion on thoracolumbar burst fracture are not only rebuild the vertebral height , but also make the vertebral obtained after three pillars in stable, reduce the internal fixation and compressed vertebral again such complications .

[Objective]To investigate the surgical feasibility and efficiency with microendoscopy discectomy technique for the recurrent lumbar disc herniation.[Method]Ninteen cases underwent disc excision with different operative approaches,11 cases had undergone previous surgery with MED,7 cases with conventional approach,2 cases removing whole vertebrate plate approach,3 cases removing half vertebrate plate approach,2 cases with minor vertebrate plate window approach.There were 13 cases of ipsilateral protrusion and 2 cases of contralateral protrusion,3 cases of adjacent segment protrusion.All of these cases were revisioned by MED except for 1 case.[Result]Eighteen cases were finished by MED technique successfully except for 1 case which was changed to open operating.All cases were followed up from 6 months to 2.5 years,averaged 1.5 years.Postoperative JOA score was improved from preoperative average (9.61?3.40)? to average (26.17?2.60) ?,the rate of improvement final was 86.32%.In terms of Macnab scoring system,the satisfactory rate was 88.89%.[Conclusion]MED technique is an effective method for recurrent lumbar herniation,but the operator needs lots of experience in minimal invasive spine surgery.

Objective To present and evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of congenital giant megaureter. Methods From 1992 to 1999, 6 cases of congenital giant megaureter were diagnosis and treated, the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of congenital giant megaureter were discussed. Results Resection of the kidney and ureter were carried out in all the 6 with satisfaction. Conclusions The diagnosis may be confirmed on B ultrasonography, CT, or intravenous urography. Nephroureterectomy is the principal method of treatment for congenital giant megaureter.

Objective To summarize the experience on diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters. Methods 52 patients with ectopic ureter were analysed retrospectively. Results Of the 52 patients,sonography,IVU,CT and retrograde ureterography were used in 37,45,8 and 18 patients respectively.49(94.0%) cases got the diagnosis preoperatively by these methods.28(53.8%) patients underwent ureteral reimplantation,12(23.0%)nephrectomy,9(17.3%) upper pole partial nephrectomy and 1(1.9%) with ureterocele incised endoscopically.The 42 patients have been followed up for 6 months to 10 years with an average of 3 years. Conclusions Most of the cases can be diagnosed preoperatively by utilizing the appropriate methods.Ureterovesicle reimplantation,upper pole partial nephrectomy and nephrectomy are the effective modalities in the treatment of ectopic ureters.

HIFU treatment allows the destruction of a precise volume of tissue within an tumour without harming surrounding structures.The FEP-BY02 model is one of commercially available machines based on this technique,which is proved effectively in clinical practice.It's basic architecture,functional principle and some suggestions for safety use are introduced in this paper.

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, imaging features, and differential diagnosis of intraosseous ganglion. Methods Clinical and imaging features of 15 cases (5 men, 10 women; mean age 39.7 years) with intraosseous ganglia were retrospectively analyzed. There were 17 lesions, including 6 acetabula, 4 lunate, 3 proximal ends of tibia, 1 major tuberculum of humeral, 1 femoral head, 1 scaphoid, and 1 phalange. Results (1) Common radiological features included a unilocular or multilocular cyst surrounded by a full and thin rim of sclerotic bone in the subchondral epiphysis without any signs of degenerative joint disease. (2) Lesions were displayed as well defined round radiolucent defect or multi cystic changes with surrounding bony sclerosis or cystic and expansile change with irregular shape on CT scans. (3) CT showed an intraosseous ganglion communicating with adjacent joint in 1 patient. (4) CT values of the lesions were between 15- 80 HU. (5) Gas in the cyst could be seen in 3 cases. Conclusion Combined with patient′s age, lesion distribution, clinical manifestations, and imaging features, it is possible to make a correct diagnosis of intraosseous ganglion.

Objective To explore serratus anterior muscle transplantation for the repair of soft tissue defects in foot and ankle. Methods Seventeen patients consisted of 11 males and 6 females aging from 13 to 58 years with the mean age of 35.2 years. The anatomical parameters of serratus anterior of 17 cases were measured, the thickness of the muscle was (1.24?0.65) cm, and the diameter of origin point of the nutrient artery to the muscle was (1.4?0.6) mm. There were two veins arising from the muscle, the diameter of larger one was (2.5?0.8) mm. The length of vascular pedicle was (8.31?1.48) cm. 17 patients with soft tissue defect of foot and ankle were treated with free serratus anterior muscle transfer and split skin graft overlying the muscle. The primary lesions were soft tissue defect around the ankle and Pilon fracture in 5 cases, non-union of distal tibial fracture in 3, Achilles tendon and soft tissue defect in 3, metatarsal fracture and soft tissue defect in 4, and calcaneal fracture with soft tissue defect in 2. All of the patients suffered from infection or exposure of bone or applied plate, the area of soft tissue defect ranged from 4.5 cm?6 cm to 11 cm?13 cm. Results The average operative time was (6.5?1.2) hours. The complications included local hematoma in 2 cases, superficial infection in 2, winged scapula without function loss in 1,scar pain in 2, and numbness of lateral thoracic wall in 1. Furthermore, weakness and decreased shoulder mobility were noted in 3 patients comparing with the contralateral side, but the condition improved half year following the operation. The transferred muscle flap appeared thinner and less bulky , and healed intimately with the adjacent foot tissue, the patients resumed good function in walking. Conclusion The serratus anterior muscle flap is a good choice for treatment of soft tissue defects in foot and ankle.