BACKGROUND: There are many reports on the entrance point of adult inferior thoracic spinal latero-anterior screw.Because of the differences in race,districts and the shape of vertebral body are various,and the choice of screw placement position is also varied.OBJECTIVE:To provide an anatomical reference for the implantation of clinical screws for inferior thoracic spinal latero-anterior fixation with the concave rib set as a reference.METHODS:Spinal specimens from 20 adult cadavers were observed,and anatomical data were colected from the concave ribs.One vernier caliper was used for the measurements.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The thoracic transverse diameters and the distance between the upper and the inferior edge of the concave rib and upper endplate increased gradualy as the vertebral number increased,whereas the distances between the upper and the inferior edge of the concave rib and inferior endplate and between the anterior edge of the concave rib and anterior edge of the vertebral canal decreased gradualy.Above findings suggested that the anatomical positions of the inferior thoracic concave ribs folowed a set of rules.The concave rib could be used as a simple,constant,and reliable reference point for inferior thoracic spinal latero-anterior fixation screw placement.

BACKGROUND:Hydroxyapatite has excellent biocompatibility, but biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites is rarely reported.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites.
METHODS:First, the TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated on the surface of the titanium by anodic oxidation
technique. Second, the nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites were fabricated by electrodeposition technique. The surface morphology of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Mouse osteoblasts MC-3T3-E1 were co-cultured with the nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites, TiO2 nanotubes and titanium, and commercial y pure titanium to observe the celladhesion, proliferation and necrosis on scaffolds.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The morphology of the TiO2 nanotubes and nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites could be control ed by altering the conditions of the anodic oxidation and electrodeposition. Under the inverted microscope, after 3 days of co-culture with TiO2 nanotubes and nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites, MC-3T3-E1 cells proliferated wel with regular shape and arrangement that were superior to those on commercial y pure titanium. Under scanning electron microscope, the cellwere adhered and proliferated wel on the surface of the TiO2 nanotubes and nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites after 3 days. Apoptosis rate of the cells was significantly reduced on the surface of nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites (7.8%) compared with TiO2 nanotubes (9.4%) and commercial y pure titanium (13.5%), indicating nano-hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composites have good biocompatibility.

BACKGROUND:TiO2 nanotube array prepared by anodic oxidation is a nanomaterial having a perfect promising application at present.
OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of TiO2 nanotube in clinic.
METHODS:The key words were TiO2 nanotubes, anodization, and biomaterials. We retrieved PubMed Database for articles concerning the clinical application of TiO2 nanotube published from January 2000 to June 2013. Repetitive and old studies were excluded, and 47 literatures were included for the review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The summarized results of the 47 literatures showed that TiO2 nanotube promoted the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells including human. In vivo experiments verified that TiO2 nanotube could be used as a carrier to carry other drugs such as growth factor and antibiotics so as to promote the biocompatibility of the materials and to prevent bacterial adhesion. Results suggested that TiO2 nanotube contributed to the osseointegration of the material in vivo, and had a good biocompatibility.

BACKGROUND:With the increasing of aging, the incidence and mortality of osteoporotic hip fracture wil rise. It is of great significance to study the pathogenesis and preventing method. At present, finite element analysis can be used to judge fracture, only for the distribution trend of fracture failure in the starting point or section view, but it cannot completely reflect actual situation of fracture. OBJECTIVE:To build the fracture model of the femoral neck fracture caused by fal ing-induced external force based on the finite element analysis LS-DYNA software, and to evaluate the effect of rupture. METHODS:CT image data of one case of elderly femoral neck fracture were col ected. Using Mimics software, region growth of the contralateral area, cavity fil ing, editing, rebuilding the contralateral proximal femur model were conducted. Data were imported in Hypermesh and LS-DYNA software for meshing, and defining material properties. The failure parameters and interfacial properties were set. The load and force boundary constraints simulating the fal ing were simulated. The model of femoral neck fracture was calculated. Rupture effect was evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The validity of contralateral proximal femur three-dimensional model was verified. Based on the finite element analysis software LS-DYNA, the femoral neck fracture model matched the actual fracture line to a degree of close to 83%. (2) Above results confirmed that based on the finite element analysis, LS-DYNA software can wel simulate the femoral neck fracture, which provides experimental basis to the exploration of femoral neck fracture classification mechanism caused by different fal ing-induced external forces.

Tourette syndrome(TS)is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder.Acupuncture can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of TS patients.This article systematically summarized the clinical research status of acupuncture for the treatment of TS in recent years from the aspects of characteristic acupuncture methods,characteristic needles and comprehensive therapies,and put forward suggestions and prospects for systematically elaborating the peripheral-central mechanism of acupuncture for TS around the intestinal immunity and brain network mechanism in the future,so as to provide reference for optimizing clinical research and treatment.

Middle-aged and elderly patients with femoral neck fracture often suffer from basic diseases. Conservative treatment will significantly increase the incidence of complications. At present, surgical treatment is mostly advocated. Internal fixation is one of the effective treatment methods for middle-aged and elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. It has the advantages of improving hip joint function, accelerating patient recovery, and improving patient quality of life. At present, there are many choices of internal fixation in the world, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and there is no unified standard. Different surgical methods can be selected according to various factors such as fracture type, patient′s physical condition and surgical auxiliary technology. This article reviews the clinical progress of internal fixation for femoral neck fractures in middle-aged and elderly patients from four aspects: the characteristics of femoral neck fractures in middle-aged and elderly patients, common internal fixation methods, 3D printing guide plate auxiliary technology and artificial intelligence auxiliary technology.