The length and diameter of trachea,bronchus and segmental bronchi were mea-sured from 70 cases (50 adults and 20 children).The length of the segmental bronchi of left lower lobe is always longer thanthat of left upper lobe.The length of the segmental bronchi of right lung showed a regular decreasefrom lower lobe to upper lobe.Using the multivariate statistical analysis the correlations between internalindices such as the length,diameter etc and external indices such as the height dia-meter of chest etc were also studied.

Divergent axon collaterals from forebrain and brainstem to the dorsal hippocampus in the rat were examined by means of HRP method and fluorescent retrograde double labeling method.HRP solution was injected into the left or right dorsal htppocampus of 3 rats. HRP labeled cells were observed in the bilateral medial parts of medial septal areas, vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, supramammillary nuclei, submammillothalamic nuclei, superior central nucleus and locus ceruleus.PI and Bb solution were injected into the left and right hippocampus of 3 rats separately. Many retrograde double labeled cells were found in the nuclei mentioned above.The results indicate that the retrograde double labeled ceils in these nuclei may divergently projected to both the left and right dorsal hippocampi. They play an important role in harmonizing the activity of bilateral hippocampi.

The diaphyseal nutrient foramina of 123 pairs of radius and 112 pairs of ulna from local Chinese adult skeleton collection have been observed. Their length, diameter and circumference were measured.The nutrient foramina on the shaft of radius, in longitudinal direction, located near the junction of the upper and middle thirds, and those of ulna located a little lower.In horizontal direction, the nutrient foramina chiefly concentrated on the anterior surface. But there were more foramina situated on the interosseous crest or posterior surface on radius than that on ulna.100 cases of nutrient artery to radius and ulna have been dissected on preserved cadavers. The length, diameter and distance from the origin of the artery to the level of elbow joint have been measured. The nutrient arteries to radius and ulna may have. various origins. They mostly arise from anterior interosseous, common interosseous, ulnar, ulnar recurrent and rarely from radial, median or dorsal interosseous arteries.The course and distribution of the nutrient arteries in the bone marrow cavity were examined on X-ray films prepared from injected radio-opaque specimens.

Funds management,which has a direct effect on the development of scientific research projects,is an important part of the scientific research management in hospitals.By investigating the present situation of the scientific research funds management in a local hospital in Shanghai,this paper analyzes the problems commonly found in the scientific research funds management.Based on the findings of the analysis,this paper proposes some corresponding recommendations and countermeasures to improve the management.

The use of nitrification inhibitors has been suggested as a strategy to decrease cadmium(Cd)accumulation in crops.However,the most efficient nitrification inhibitor for mitigating crop Cd accumulation remains to be elucidated,and whether and how changes in soil microbial structure are involved in this process also remains unclear.To address these questions,this study applied three commercial nitrification inhibitors,namely,dicyandiamide(DCD),3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP),and nitrapyrin(NP),to pakchoi.The results showed that both DCD and DMPP(but not NP)could efficiently decrease Cd concentrations in pakchoi in urea-and ammonium-fertilized soils.In addition,among the three tested nitrification inhibitors,DMPP was the most efficient in decreasing the Cd concentration in pakchoi.The nitrification inhibitors decreased pakchoi Cd concentrations by suppressing acidification-induced Cd availability and reshaping the soil microbial structure;the most effective nitrification inhibitor was DMPP.Ammonia oxidation generates the most protons during nitrification and is inhibited by nitrification inhibitors.Changes in environmental factors and predatory bacterial abundance caused by the nitrification inhibitors changed the soil microbial structure and increased the potential participants in plant Cd accumulation.In summary,our study identified DMPP as the most efficient nitrification inhibitor for mitigating crop Cd contamination and observed that the soil microbial structural changes caused by the nitrification inhibitors contributed to decreasing Cd concentration in pakchoi.

Objective:To explore the effects of Zishui Qinggan Decoction on the PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1)/Parkin and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAS)/ stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathways; To reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Zishui Qinggan Decoction in treating depression.Methods:Totally 60 rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, and Zishui Qinggan Decoction low-, medium-, and high-dosage groups using a random number table method ( n=12 in each group) . All rats except for the rats in control group were prepared with CUMS induced depression models. The rats in the Zishui Qinggan Decoction low-, medium-, and high-dosage groups were orally administered with 12, 24, and 48 g/kg of Zishui Qinggan Decoction for gavage, respectively. The control group and model group were orally administered with distilled water of equal volume for gavage, once a day for 4 weeks. Forced swimming test (FST), the open field test (OFT) and the sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to detect behavioral changes in rats in each group. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the cell structure of the medial prefrontal cortex. The levels of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected using ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Pink1, Parkin, cGAS and STING. Results:Behavioral testing results showed that, compared with the model group, the incubation period for rats in Zishui Qinggan Decoction low-, medium-, and high-dosage groups to enter the first immobility state in FST was significantly prolonged ( P<0.05), and the immobility time was significantly shortened ( P<0.05); the time spent in the central area was significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the incubation period for entering the central area was significantly shortened in ( P<0.05); the percentage of sugar water consumption significantly increased in ( P<0.05). HE staining revealed that the aggregation of prefrontal cortex nuclei decreased, the number of neurons increased, and the distribution of neurons was uniform in Zishui Qinggan Decoction low-, medium-, and high-dosage groups. Compared with the model group, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the Zishui Qinggan Decoction groups significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The protein expressions of PINK1 and Parkin in the prefrontal cortex in Zishui Qinggan Decoction groups significantly increased ( P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of cGAS and STING significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Zishui Qinggan Decoction can significantly improve the depressive behavior, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammatory response in CUMS rats. Its mechanism may be related to up-regulating the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway and inhibiting the cGAS/STING signaling pathway.