Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of endothelin antagonist on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs.Methods A skin pigmentation model was established by UVB irradiation in guinea pigs.The modeled animals were divided into 3 groups to be treated with sodium chloride physiological solution (blank control group),an endothelin antagonist (endothelin antagonist group) and arbutin (positive control group),respectively.Before the UVB irradiation,as well as after 15-and 30-day UVB irradiation,Mexameter(R) MX 18 was used to detect the melanin index in the dorsal skin of guinea pigs.After 30-day consecutive treatment,melanin index,the number of melanocytes in the epidermis and melanin content were compared among the above 3 groups.Results After 30-day UVB irradiation,the melanin index in the 9 UVB-irradiated areas on the dorsal skin of guinea pigs significantly increased compared with that before the radiation (P ＜ 0.0001).After 30-day treatment with the 1‰ endothelin antagonist,the melanin index in the UVB-irradiated areas significantly decreased compared with that in the positive control group (P ＜ 0.0001).Melanin content index-1 (MCI-1) was significantly lower in the endothelin antagonist group than in the blank control group (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant difference in MCI-2 was observed among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Topical application of the endothelin antagonist has a certain therapeutic effect on UVB-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs.

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of transcarotid artery chemotherapy for gliomas after surgery, and selection of drug, avenue of administration, and optional time for the therapy. Methods Beginning from 4 to 30 days after operation, Nimustine (ACNU, Japan) 2.5mg/kg was injected per carotid artery, once every week for three times as one course. A second course of treatment was given after an interval of 4 to 6 weeks. Results With the above regime, the effect was marked in 39 cases (18.8%), fairly effective in 44 cases (20.8%), only slightly effective in 59 cases (27.8%), no effect in 61 cases (28.8%), and failure in 5 cases (2.4%), the mean survival time was nearly 100 weeks. Conclusion Transcarotid artery chemotherapy for gliomas is helpful in prolonging survival period, with little side effects, easy to carry out, less expensive, and better accepted by the patients.

Objective To investigate the trend in incidence, causative drugs, clinical types and treatment of drug eruption. Methods Clinical data were collected from 922 inpatients with drug eruption in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from January 2009 to December 2013, and analyzed retrospectively. Results From 2009 to 2013, the percentage of inpatients with drug eruption among all inpatients in the Department of Dermatology in a given year varied from 9.45% to 10.01%, and the percentage of inpatients with severe drug eruption among inpatients with drug eruption from 17.45% to 28.24%. Of the 922 cases, 371 (40.2%)were caused by single drugs, and 551 (59.8%)by multiple drugs. Among the 371 cases of drug eruption caused by single drugs, the top five causative drugs were traditional Chinese medicine(72 cases), cephalosporins(38 cases), amoxicillin(27 cases), antipyretic analgesics(26 cases)and tetanus antitoxin (24 cases)in 278 cases of non-severe drug eruption, antiepileptic agents (33 cases), allopurinol (28 cases), antipyretic analgesics (7 cases), cephalosporins (6 cases)and traditional Chinese medicine (6 cases)in 93 cases of severe drug eruption. Of the 922 patients, 422 (45.8%)presented with maculopapular eruption, 259 (28.1%)with urticaria, 135(14.6%)with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 49(5.3%)with toxic epidermal necrolysis, 33(3.6%)with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and 7 (0.8%)with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). A total of 791 (85.8%)patients with drug eruption received glucocorticoid treatment. The dose of glucocorticoids was(47.61 ± 12.07)mg prednisone equivalent per day in 550 patients with non-severe drug eruption, and (73.10 ± 18.23)mg prednisone equivalent per day in 221 patients with severe drug eruption. Totally, 110 (11.0%) patients with drug eruption were treated with combined intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)because of poor response to glucocorticoids alone. Of 224 patients with severe drug eruption, only 2 (0.9%)died. Conclusions Carbamazepine and allopurinol are the main causative drugs for severe drug eruption, while traditional Chinese medicine is the first causative drug for non-severe drug eruption. From 2009 to 2013, the annual mortality of severe drug eruption decreased considerably.

ObjectiveTo research the hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and immune tolerance status of transgenic mice for elucidating the pathogenesis of hepatitis B and evaluating new drugs against HBV.Methods SPE grade HBsAg negative nontransgenic and transgenic mice with the same genetic background were recruited in this study.HBsAg,HBeAg and HBV DNA were detected by chemiluminescent method.Pre-S1 and HBcAg were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbont assay (ELISA).Liver pathology was examined and HBsAg expressions at different stages were determined by immunohistochemical staining.The lymphocyte proliferation of mice was detected by flow cytometry and interferon (IFN)γ-producing T lymphocytes was determined by enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT).The expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR9 in splenocyte suspension and splenic dendrite cells (DC) were determined by double-labeling immunofluorescence.The data were analyzed by t test and F test.ResultsHBsAg,preS1,HBeAg,HBcAg were expressed and HBV DNA was replicated in HBV transgenic mice,while anti-HBs,anti-HBc,and anti-HBe were all negative.There were no obvious pathological changes in liver tissues.HBsAg was expressed in cytoplasm and HBcAg in nucleus of hepatocytes.After stimulated with HBsAg,T lymphocyte proliferation capacity of HBV transgenic mice was (697.6±67.3) cpm,which was much lower than that of nontransgenic mice [( 1315.5 ±191.6) cpm].The number of spot forming cells of IFNγ-producing splenocytes from transgenic mice after HBsAg stimulation was 8.25 ± 1.10,which was obviously lower than that of nontransgenic mice (28.50±4.21) (F=155.967,P=0.000).The expressions of CD11c+,TLR2 and TLR9 on DC from both HBV transgenic and nontransgenic mice were not different significantly (all P＞0.05).The HBsAg expressions in liver tissues were observed in 18-day-old fetal mice and 1-day-old newborn mice.ConclusionsThe HBV transgenic mice can express HBV-related antigens,and are immune tolerant to the antigens.The innate and acquired immunity of the HBV transgenic mice are normal,which is similar to chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers of human.Therefore,HBV transgenic mouse is an ideal animal model.

Combined training is a new training mode which combines the education of profes-sional degree of clinical medicine graduate and the resident standardization training. Xiangya hospital of Central South University has tried this kind of training mode since 2012. We draw lessons from the advanced training concept in America in combination with the practical situation of our hospital and have established theXiangya-Yalemodel of resident standardization training featuring with the Six Xiangya goals which areprofessional ethics, professional skills, patient safety, medical ethics, teamwork spirit, innovation and self-improvement, highlighting the project manager responsibility system, 360 degree examination and assess-ment, assessment of the OSCE, Mini-CEX evaluation. Through comparing and analyzing the midterm exami-nation scores between the combined training group and non-combined training group, we have found that the combined training group is significantly superior to non-combined training group on clinical skills. In addition, the questionnaire survey results show that most graduate students have positive attitude tocombined training. They believe it will be helpful for them to improve the ability of clinical skills, med-ical practice, doctor-patient communication skills and theoretical knowledge, and contributes to the future career development. Combined training is one major initiative deepening the reform of medical health system and medical education which greatly promotes the development of our country health enterprise, although there still exist some flaws including training teachers, content, implementation, management and evaluation.

Objective To describe X-ray and CT findings of lung in paraquat poisoning.Methods CT and X-ray data of chest in 21 patients with paraquat poisoning were retrospectively analyzed.Results X-ray and CT findings of lung were varied with different time.≤7 d,there were mainly increase of lung marking in 17 cases,ground-grass attenuation in 14 cases and consolidation in 2 cases.7~14 d,increase of lung marking,consolidation and pulmonary fibrosis each could be seen in 4 cases,and 3 cases with ground-grass attenuation.≥14 d,there were pulmonary fibrosis in 4 cases,bronchiectasis in 3 cases,increase of lung marking in 2 cases.Conclusion Chest plain X-ray film and CT are of important value in observing the evolution,evaluating the prognosis and guiding the treatment project for the patients with paraquat poisoning.

Objective To analysis the therapeutic effect of microsurgery through single-nostril transsphenoidal approach on pituitary adenomas and to study the surgical skill and postoperative complications about microsurgery for pituitary adenomas.Methods The clinical manifestations,pathological type, removal percentage,postoperative complications and follow-up data of 241 cases with pituitary ademoma by microsurgery through single-nostril transsphenoidal approach were analysed retrospectively.Results 171(7 1%)cases were achieved total tumor removal,28(11.6%)cases were achieved subtotal tumor removal,26(10.7%)cases were achieved most tumor removal and 16(6.6%)cases were achieved partial tumor removal.Most of patients achieved better results,however there were 38(15.8%)eases with diabetes insipidus,12(4.9%)cases with transient worse sight,4(1.6%)cases with cerebrospinal fluid leakage,2(0.8%)cases with oculomotor paralysis,and no death.The postoperative complications were cured and outcome was considered as good.The follow-up period was 1-36 months in 241 patients and the clinical symptoms were improved by different degrees.Conclusion Pituitary adenomas can be treated by microsurgery through single-nostril transsphenoidal approach due to the time of operation shorten,the postoperative complications.

Objective:To investigate the immune effects of Clostridium difficile toxoid B (CdtB) vaccine formulated with different mucosal adjuvants through microneedle immunization, and to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods:CdtB vaccine was prepared with purified Clostridium difficile toxin B(TcdB) after formaldehyde detoxification. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with different doses of vaccine alone or in combination with mucosal adjuvants. The titers of specific serum IgG and fecal IgA were detected at 0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d and 42 d after immunization. The protective effects of CdtB vaccine were evaluated by cell neutralization assay and Clostridium difficile challenge infection. Results:(1) With the increase of immune dose, the mice immunized with CdtB vaccine alone by microneedle not only produced better serum specific IgG, but also had higher level of IgA in feces. (2) When the mice were immunized with CdtB vaccine containing LT or CTB adjuvant by microneedle, the trend of serum specific IgG titer in each group increased with the increase of immune dose, especially in the group containing LT adjuvant. There were significant differences in the trend of specific IgA titer in feces between the adjuvant groups and the group without adjuvant, but the adjuvant effect was not obvious. (3) No significant difference in serum IgG titer was observed between the mice immunized with 10 μg CdtB by microneedle or intraperitoneal injection, but microneedle immunization significantly increased fecal IgA level. (4) The neutralization titers of specific antibodies in mouse serum after immunization and the test results of challenge protection in mice confirmed that the use of CdtB vaccine had certain protective effects.Conclusions:CdtB vaccine had better immune effects in mice through microneedle immunization, but the adjuvant effects of LT and CTB were not significant.