BACKGROUND: Nucleus raphe magnus(NRM) is an important nucleus located in the median raphe of ventral medulla. Many studies have been focused on the crucial role which plays in acupuncture analgesia, cardiovascular regulation, respiratory regulation and other aspects of health. However,little attention has been paid to its role in the regulation of digestive system heretofore.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of NRM on gastric movement and gastric electric activity in rabbits.DESIGN: Comparative study based on the experimental animals.SETTING: A laboratory of functional medicine in a traditional Chinese medical university. PARTICIPANTS: From September 2002 to April 2004, the study was conducted in the functional medicine laboratory of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine(Provincial Key Laboratory). Seventy healthy New Zealand white rabbits were used including male and female, which weighed 2 - 2. 5 kg on average, supplied by the Laboratory Animal Center of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine(Class I) . The rabbits were randomly divided into 7 groups: saline group, 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)group, cyproheptadine group, substance P group, substance pantagonist group, morphine group and noradrenaline group.METHODS: Through cannula, microinjection of 5-HT, cyproheptadine, substance P, substance P antagonist, morphine and noradrenaline were given into NRM. Synchronously, gastric movement and changes in the amplitude and frequency of gastric electric slow wave in rabbits were recorded.MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Gastric movement and gastric electric activity were observed after microinjection of 5-HT, cyproheptadine,substance P, substance P antagonist, morphine and noradrenaline into NRM.RESULTS: After microinjection of 5-HT and substance P into NRM,gastric movement and gastric electric slow waves in rabbits were inhibited ( P ＜ 0. 05, P ＜ 0. 01 ). After microinjection of cyproheptadine, substance P antagonist, gastric movement and gastric electric slow waves in rabbits were increased( P ＜ 0.05, P ＜ 0.01) . Meanwhile, it turned out that microinjection of morphine and noradrenaline into NRM had no effect on gastric movement and gastric electric slow waves in rabbits ( P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: 5-HT and substance P in NRM contribute to the regulation of gastric movement and gastric electric slow wave in rabbits by NRM, while morphine and noradrenaline presumably have no relation with the regulation.

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of enteral nutrition on the patients with acute respiratory failure phase COPD.Methods: 60 cases of COPD patients in the acute respiratory failure phase were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group and control group,30 cases respectively.The two groups had the same formal diet,anti-infection,oxygen therapy,spasmolysis therapy,eliminate sputum therapy,adjustment acid-base imbalance and electrolyte disturbances.Additionally,the treatment group had been given oral lishikang(a kind of nutrient solution)for two weeks.Results:Compared with the control group,treatment group had the improvement on the body measurement,pulmonary function and serum albumin.The difference between the two groups were remarkable(P

Objective To explore the changes of E-cadherin expression in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods For the in vitro analysis of epithelial ischemia,confluent monolayers of MDCK cells growing in DMEM were depleted of ATP for 4 h by incubation in PBS (supplemented with 1.5 mM CaCl2 and 2 mM MgCl2) containing 10 ?M antimycinA.For the in vivo studies of epithelial ischemic injury,adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral renal artery ligation.Renal pathological changes were measured by PAS stain.Location and expression of E-cadherin were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot respectively.Results E-cadherin were primarily found in a linear pattern at the lateral portions of the plasma membrane in normal MDCK.After ATP depletion for 4 hours,the linear pattern altered and manifested by the appearance of intracellular staining.In invivo ischemia-reperfusion model rats,E-cadherin expression was changed from normal tubular epithelial cell basal membrane to cytoplasma.Western blot suggested that in sham-operated rats,E-cadherin was 120 ku lane vs 80 ku lane in ischemia for 60 min rats,while in ischemia for 45 min rats,both the 120 ku and 80 ku lanes were detected.Conclusion In renal ischemia-reperfusion,the location and expression of E-cadherin are obviously altered in vivo and in vitro study and E-cadherin are degradated as ischemia time prolongs.These changes may be the reason why tubular epithelial cell exfoliated from TBM in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To observe the effects of chronic angiotensin Ⅱ blockade on gene expression of extracellular matrix at different segments of nephron in aged rats. Methods Glomeruli and tubules of rat kidney were isolated by laser microdissection and pressure catapulting system. Gene expression level of transforming growth factor (TGF-? 1) and fibronectin (FN) were assessed. Fifteen -month-old male Wistar rats were treated with the valsartan (25mg/kg) until sacrificed at age 24 months, and their TGF-? 1 and FN expression levels were compared with that of young and aged controls. Results Compared with young rats, TGF-? 1 mRNA and FN mRNA expression were both up-regulated in isolated glomeruli and tubules in aged rats. Although Valsartan had no effect on the gene expression of TGF-? 1 in isolated glomeruli, it down regulated TGF-? 1 mRNA in tubules of aged rats. Valsartan also down regulated FN mRNA in both glomeruli and tubules of aged rats. Conclusion The results indicate that changes in TGF-? 1 and FN expression might be involved in the aging related changes of gomeruli and tubules. Activation of RAS at the different segments of nephron in aged rats might regulate the gene expression of ECM through diverse mechanisms.

Objective: To prepare auto-tumor-specific cytotoxicity T lymphocytes (CTLs) of breast cancer patients and to observe their therapeutic effects on bone marrow micrometastasis (BMM) of breast cancer. Methods: BMM in 82 patients with primary breast cancer (stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ) , who were treated in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University from March to December in 2007 (all the patients signed paper of informed consent), was exmined by flow cytometryusing CK18 and CK19 as marker. Twenty-three patients with BMM were randomly divided into two groups: 17 patients were treated with tumor-specific CTLs (therapy group), and 6 patients were treated with IL-2 (control group). Tumor-specific CTLs were induced in vitro from axillary lymph nodes and peripheral blood of breast cancer patients in ther-apy group, and were reinfused into the same patient 10-14 days after operation. The therapeutic effects of tumor-specific CTLs on BMM of breast cancer patients were observed. Results: Twenty-three cases (28.05%) in 82 breast cancer patients were BMM positive as detected by FCM. BMM positive rates increased with the increase of clinical TNM stages and histological grades of breast cancer, and decreased with the increase of ER and PR protein expression in cancer tis-sues. Dendritic cells (DCs) were successfully isolated and induced from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Tumor-specific CTLs were induced by co-culturing lymphocytes from axillarey lymph nodes with auto-tumor antigen-im-pulsed DCs. Fourteen cases in the therapy group became negative of BMM after treatment with tumor-specific CTLs (14/ 19, 82.35%). Only one case in the control group became negative of BMM after treatment with IL-2 (1/6, 16.67%, P=0.00028). Conclusion: Tumor-specific CTLs have been successfully prepared and they show a satisfactory therapeu-tic effect on bone marrow micrometastasis of breast cancer.

Objective:To investigate effects of strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidney and their combination before and after exercise on relative indexes of metabolism of glucose and amino acids.Methods:Strengthening the spleen alone,tonifying the kidney alone or their combination before and after exercise was given to the rat receiving 7-week gradually increasing load exercise on a running platform,and after quantitative load,contents of serum lactic acid,urea nitrogen,glucose,hepatic glycogen,muscle glycogen,hemoglobin,and malondialdehyde(MDA)in renal tissue and activity of superoxide dismulase(SOD)in the renal tissue were determined.Results:Strengthening the spleen before exercise increased hepatic and muscle glycogen contents,and tonifying the kidney before exercise increased muscle glycogen content,and strengthening the spleen combined with tonifying the kidney before and after exercise increased hemoglobin level,strengthening the spleen followed by tonifying the kidney before exercise decreased serum lactic acid and urea nitrogen levels,increased muscle glycogen content and SOD activity/MDA content ratio in the kidney.Conclusion:Strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidney play a certain role in reducing motion-related fatigue,while strengthening the spleen followed by tonifying the kidney before exercise has the best results.

Objective To evaluate serum eystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate(GFR)in kidney diseases and as screening test to detect reducing of GFR.Methods Serum cystatin C,serum creatinine and urine creatinine were measure in 81 patients with various nephropathies in our hospital.Additionally,serum eystatin C of 100 blood do- nors were measured as normol controls.Results The relationship rate between cystatin C and 24 hours creatinine clean- rance(R=-0.657)is better than between serum creatinine and 24 hours creatinine(R=-0.573).To creatinine cleanrance estimated by Cockcroft-Gault formular(Cockcroft),we also obtain the same results(r=-0.674 vs r=- 0.596).Cystatin C showed a high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting impaired glomerular function in patients,but the specificity and positive predictive valuewas slight low.There were no significantly differ between cysta- tin C and creatinine in receive-operating characteristic plot(ROC).Conclusion Cystatin C is a better marker than creatinine to detect reduced GFR as measured by 24 hours creatinine eleanrance and Cockcroft-Gault formular.The ef- ficacy of Cystatin C as a screening test need more confidents.

Current reform of higher medical education focuses on curriculum integration and corresponding reconstruction of teaching system. Chongqing Medical University has carried out the reform of medical personnel training mode from basic to clinical, which has achieved certain results. Three aspects including teaching content, teaching methods and appraisal system of the urogenital system curriculum integration are introduced in the paper. In the teaching content, the parts related to urogenital system in basic subjects and clinical subjects are extracted and integrated. In the process of teaching implementation, a teaching team is set up across departments and multidisciplinary joint teaching is carried out. In order to arouse the enthusiasm of students, inspire and cultivate students' scientific research thinking by improving teaching methods, several teaching methods such as case introduction teaching method, question discussion and debate meeting are used. Scientific evaluation system is used to observe and record the whole process of students' learning. Meanwhile, some existing problems and solutions of curriculum integration are discussed in the paper to provide references for peers in relevant colleges and universities.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics and epidemic analysis in children with hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) following acute flaccid paralysis(AFP).Methods30 children with HFMD following AFP in Hunan Province Children's Hospital were surveyed retrospectively.ResultsAll the patients were below 5 years old, 83.34％ were 1～3 years old, 90% from countryside. Besides AFP of limbs, 86.67% complicated with encephalitis. The major clinical characteristics as followed: fever(100.00%), skin rash(100.00%), startle and skip(80.00%), emesis(63.33%), neurogenic pulmonary edema(13.33%) and urinary retention(16.67%). The most palsy occurred in 3～5 days after onset, and the palsy in lower limbs was major, only a few had palsy in upper extremities or tetraplegia. 26 cases were infected with enterovirus type 71(EV 71), 1 case infected other EV, 3 cases were negatively. The EMG showed that the amplitude of active potential lowered in the femoral nervus, tibial nerve, peroneal nerve, axillay nerve and musculocutaneous nerve, or/and the motor conduction velocity slowed down, the damage of proximate nerve was the most common.ConclusionThe most children with HFMD following AFP were infected with EV 71. Encephalitis was the common complication. The symptom of EV 71 was more severious than distribute EV.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients and is characterized by thickened glomerular basement membrane,increased extracellular matrix formation,and podocyte loss.These phenomena lead to proteinuria and altered glomerular filtration rate,that is,the rate initially increases but progressively decreases.DN has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease.Its prevalence shows a rapid growth trend and causes heavy social and economic burden in many countries.However,this disease is multifactorial,and its mechanism is poorly understood due to the complex pathogenesis of DN.In this review,we highlight the new molecular insights about the pathogenesis of DN from the aspects of immune inflammation response,epithelial-mesenchymal transition,apoptosis and mitochondrial damage,epigenetics,and podocyte-endothelial communication.This work offers groundwork for understanding the initiation and progression of DN,as well as provides ideas for developing new prevention and treatment measures.