AIM:To detect the muscle strength and endurance of healthy young people with different sport levels using isokinetic testing technique,so as to explore the characteristics of trunk muscle function. METHODS:①120 volunteer freshmen of Grade 2005 including 60 males and 60 females were selected from Capital Institute of Physical Education,and were divided into three groups:general group,physical training group and second-class athlete group(n =40,half male and female). Cybex6000 isokinetic testing system(U.S.A) was used. ②The muscle strength of flexors and extensors trunk muscle was measured at 60?/second and 120?/second and the endurance at 120?/second. ③Peak torque,flexors/extensors peak torque ratio,endurance ratio and recovery ratio were evaluated. RESULTS:①The peak torque values of male extensors in 3 groups were higher than those of flexors;with the increase in testing velocity,the peak torque value of extensor and flexors was decreased,especially the extensor. The peak torque value of general group was lower than that of physical training group and second class athlete group(P 0.05). The change in peak torque value of female extensor and flexors was the same to males. The flexors/extensors peak torque ratio at 60?/second and 120?/second of males was less than 1,but females more than 1. ②Under the same testing velocity,the endurance ratio and recovery ratio of extensor in 3 groups were higher than those of flexors. CONCLUSION:Compared with physical training students and second class athletes,significant decrease in the waist and back muscle strength and unbalance of extensor and flexors strength are found in general students. The muscle strength and endurance of extensor in students with different sport levels are inferior to those of flexors.

Objective To explore the construct validity of the Chinese version of Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ)-20 and KVIQ-10 in stroke patients and normal people. Methods From October, 2012, to March, 2014, 60 stroke patients and 60 nor-mal people with matched gender and age participated in this study. They were assessed with the Chinese version of KVIQ-20 and KVIQ-10. The construct validity was investigated with factor analysis. Results Two factors were extracted from KVIQ-20 for stroke patients after vari-max rotation, that accounted for 62.4%of the variance, as well as KVIQ-10 with 67.6%of the variance. Two factors were extracted from KVIQ-20 for normal people with 76.1%of the variance, as well as the KVIQ-10 with 69.6%of the variance. The factors could be named as visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery. Conclusion The Chinese version of KVIQ-20 and KVIQ-10 has good construct validity for assess-ing motor imagery from the dimensions of visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery, both in patients with stroke and normal people.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of mental rotation in stroke patients and the relationship between mental rotation and visual-spatial cognitive function. Methods From March, 2012 to October, 2013, 30 stroke patients were selected as experimental group and 30 healthy subjects as control group. They were tested with hand mental rotation task, and assessed with visuospatial abilities from Mon-treal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results The reaction time of hand mental rotation task was significantly longer in the experimental group than in the control group (F=95.6, P<0.001). The reaction time was longer with the increase of rotation angle in both groups, and was the longest as 180° of rotation (F=345.672, P<0.001). The response accuracy rate of hand mental rotation task was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (F=6.444, P<0.05). The response accuracy rate was lower with the increase of rotation angle in both groups, and was the least as 180° of rotation (F=102.911, P<0.001). The reaction time negatively correlated with the score of visuospa-tial abilities, while the response accuracy rate positively correlated with it in the stroke patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The mental rotation ability is impaired in stroke patients, however, the respondent pattern is similar to healthy people. The mental rotation ability is correlated with visual-spatial cognitive functions in stroke patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of functional training on knee pain,functional movement screen (FMS) score and balance in Chinese elite fencing athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Methods Twenty-four fencing athletes with a diagnosed patellar tendinopathy were randomized into a treatment group (TG) and a control group (CG),each of 12.Both groups were given routine physical therapy,while TG received motor function training in addition for eight weeks.Both groups completed the numerical rating scale (NRS),FMS and balance test before and after the intervention.Results After the intervention,the average PRS and FMS of TG were 2.08± 1.24 and 16.25±0.97 respectively,which significantly outperformed those of TG before the intervention and those of CG after the intervention (P＜0.05).Moreover,TG indicated superior results in parameters of static postural balance including center of pressure,total length of swinging pathway,maximal length of swinging pathway,and area of swinging pathway when compared to TG before the intervention and CG after the intervention(P＜0.05).Conclusion The motor functiontraining is effective in improving functional movement and balance in elite fencing athletes with patellar tendinopathy.

Objective To investigate the effect of pre-ischemia physical activity on cognition and ascorbate content in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) after cerebral ischemia.Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dowley rats were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into the following 4 groups:running-ischemia group,running group,ischemia group and shame operation group.Cerebral ischemia was brought about by permanent 2 vessels occlusion (2-VO) method.Treadmill running was used as physical activity training.Ascorbate in mPFC was monitored with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical flow cell analysis.Passive avoidance was used to test cognitive function at 24 hours after 2-VO cerebral ischemia.Results Neurochemistry study showed that ascorbate level in mPFC increased within 3 hours after 2-VO ischemia and the increase was attenuated in the running-ischemia group.The baseline level of mPFC ascorbate in the four groups has no significant difference.Behavioral data indicated that 3 weeks pre-ischemia running promoted cognitive function recovery after 2-VO ischemia.Conclusion The pre-ischemia physical activity could increase the ascrobate storage in mPFC and enhance the antioxidant ability of this region.Therefore,it is one of the possible neurochemical mechanism underlying pre-ischemia physical activity for the improvement of cognitive function after cerebral ischemia.Thus pre-ischemia physical activity can be of benefit to cognition rehabilitation after stroke.

Objective To develop kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaires applicable to Chinese stroke survivors and evaluate their test-retest reliability,inter-rater reliability and internal consistency.Methods The English version of a kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire (KVIQ) was translated into Chinese using wellaccepted questionnaire translation procedures.Thirty stroke survivors were each assessed twice using two versions of the translation (the KVIQ-20 and the KVIQ-10) by two experienced raters with an interval of 7 days between the tests.The test-retest reliability,inter-rater reliability and internal consistency of the visual imagery score (visual imagery subscale),the kinesthetic imagery score (kinesthetic imagery subscale) and the total scores for the KVIQ-20 and KVIQ-10 versions were analyzed.Results The test-retest coefficients,the inter-rater reliability correlation coefficients and Cronbach's alphas for the KVIQ-20 version ranged from 0.879 to 0.945,from 0.894 to 0.936 and from 0.867 to 0.919,respectively.The corresponding measurements for the KVIQ-10 vcrsion were 0.914 to 0.953,0.852 to 0.900 and 0.827 to 0.878.Conclusion Both the KVIQ-20 and KVIQ-10 Chinese instruments have shown good testretest and inter-rater reliability and good internal consistency in assessing stroke survivors.Either is an effective tool for assessing their motor imagery ability.

Objective To investigate the short-term and long-term effect of motor imagery training on visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery of athletes.Methods Twenty athletes majoring in the sports training of Capital University of Physical Education were selected into the experimental group,while 20 counterparts majoring in the human kinetic science were selected into the control group.All subjects received motor imagery training,and were assessed their visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery at three before the training,as well as ten minutes and 48 hours after the training.Results The repetitive measurement and analysis of variance showed that the visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery scores had the main effect of time factor [FvI (2,37)=7.57,P＜0.01;FK1 (2,37)=ll.75,P＜0.01)],as the scores were the highest at ten minutes after training,the second highest at 48 hours after training and the lowest before training.The visual imaginary scores increased significantly after the training,but had no significant difference 48 hours after the training compared to that before the training.After the training the kinesthetic imagery scores increased significantly and then declined slowly,and there were significant differences in the score before and 48 hours after the training (P=0.009).The experimental group and the control group had the same change trend in the visual and kinesthetic imagery scores.The average scores of the former group were higher than the latter at the same time points but without significant differences.The visual and kinesthetic imagery scores had no main effect of group factor,and there was no interaction effect of time factor and group factor.Conclusion Motor imagery training could increase the ability of visual and kinesthetic imagery of people never participating in motor imagery training and the short-term effect was more obvious.The long term effect of motor imagery training was more significant on kinesthetic imagery than visual imagery.

Objective To observe the effect of wheel running and treadmill running on the cognitive functioning of rats after the extraction of a molar.Methods Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (group C,n =8),a molar extraction group (ML group,n =8),a wheel running pretreatment group (W-ML group,n=8) and a treadmill running pretreatment group (T-ML group,n =8).The rats in the T-ML and W-ML groups practiced wheel running and treadmill running for 1 week,then they and the rats in the ML group received molar extraction surgery.One week later,a passive avoidance test was used to evaluate the cognitive functioning of all of the rats.Results No significant differences were found in the groups' average latency I times,but the average latency II time of the ML group was significantly shorter.There was no significant difference in the average latency II times of the T-ML and W-ML groups.Conclusion Either wheel running or treadmill running can promote learning and memory after molar loss by oral surgery,at least in rats.

ObjectiveTo visually analyze the research hotspots and future development trends in the field of rehabilitation of chronic respiratory diseases domestic and overseas in the last decade. MethodsLiteratures about rehabilitation of chronic respiratory disease from 2011 to 2021 were retrieved. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was used to access the quality of the literatures, and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 was used to analyze the number of publications and keywords. ResultsA total of 2 477 English articles and 3 308 Chinese articles were included. The overall volume of literature published in the field of rehabilitation of chronic respiratory diseases domestic and overseas showed a fluctuating increase. A total of 63 English articles met the requirement of medium-high quality with a score of four to nine on the PEDro scale, and the overall average score was 5.44. A total of 78 domestic articles scored five to eight, and the overall average score was 5.21. Domestic research in this field mainly focused on the pulmonary rehabilitation methods for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their effects on patients' quality of life and lung function, the process of development of heart-related diseases complicated by COPD, and the effects of nursing interventions, community rehabilitation and health education for chronic respiratory diseases, and exploration of precise pulmonary rehabilitation assessment, etc. In contrast, foreign countries mainly studied the physical activity and exercise capacity of patients with chronic respiratory diseases, emphasizing the self-management of patients, and focused on the cross-sectional research of other diseases such as combined aortic stenosis, and made "physical activity" and "exercise" as the frontier of research. ConclusionOverseas pulmonary rehabilitation programmes involve a wide range of chronic respiratory diseases, requiring multidisciplinary teamwork, strengthening patient self-management at home and focusing on changes in physical activity, motor function and quality of life after exercise, while the focus is on pulmonary rehabilitation in hospitalized COPD patients, also including the role of traditional Chinese exercise in China.

From the literatures from 2008 to 2018, it is found that physical exercise has been used to improve the cognition, other mental symptoms, activities of daily living, etc., in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients; however, there are some other studies which did not agree. The effects of physical exercise on AD may involve a complicated way, which needs more researches.