Islet transplantation has developed rapidly over the last 20 years and is becoming one of the ideal clinical treatment options for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There is growing clinical evidence that islet transplantation has significant efficacy in insulin independence or reduction, preventing hypoglycemic episodes and preventing diabetic complications.However, clinical islet transplantation still faces challenges, such as a shortage of donor resources, difficulties in early implantation and survival of islet grafts, and immune rejection.In the future, donor pancreatic donation and its effective utilization should be promoted, and clinical exploration of xenogeneic islet transplantation and stem cell-derived islet transplantation should be encouraged to effectively solve the problem of insufficient islet source.At the same time, through continuous research and development of new materials and technologies, optimize the location of islet transplantation to improve the implantation and survival of islet grafts, and gradually eliminate the need for immunosuppression.In addition, we should actively promote the development and application of post-islet transplantation graft monitoring tools to further ensure the long-term survival of post-islet transplantation grafts, so that more diabetic patients can benefit from it.