Objective To synthesize a marine natural product, 24-methylenecholesterol. Methods The target molecule was synthesized in 7 steps using hyodeoxycholic acid as the starting material, 3?-(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)-cholest-5-ene-24-ketone as the key intermediate and isopropylation as the key step. Results The target molecule was synthesized with a total yield of 66% and confirmed by MS, IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR. Conclusion Our synthesis of 24-methylenecholesterol is characterized by easily acquired starting material, short synthetic route, high yield and atom-economic.

Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.

Acute Disease ; Humans ; Oxalates ; poisoning

Objective To investigate the trends in and characteristics of syphilis epidemiology in China,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies.Methods An epidemiological study was performed on syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities between 2000 and 2013.Results The reported syphilis incidence increased yearly from 6.43 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 to 32.86 per 100 000 person-years in 2013,with an average annual growth rate of 13.37％.Syphilis was reported in most (99％) counties/districts in China mainland except for a few remote mountain areas,with a significant difference in the incidence of syphilis between different regions.The regions with a high incidence of syphilis included minority areas in Northwest China (Xinjiang,Qinghai and Ningxia),Minjiang River area,Yangtze River Delta (Zhejiang,Shanghai),Zhujiang River Delta (Guangxi,Guangdong),etc.There had been a rapid increase in the incidence of syphilis in some regions previously reported to have a low incidence (such as Guizhou,Shaanxi,Henan,etc).Among the reported cases,female patients predominated with an average male/female ratio of 0.92 ∶ 1.The incidence of syphilis was highest in the age group of 20-39 years,but increased yearly by more than 30％ in the population aged ＞ 60 years.Of 20 occupations,peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (31.56％) of syphilis cases,and retired population showed the most rapid increase by about 27.35％ per year.The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the syphilis cases had declined yearly,while that of latent syphilis increased by more than 50％ after 2010.Conclusions Syphilis remains a major public health issue in China,and measures based on the epidemiological features are urgently needed to effectively control epidemic syphilis.

OBJECTIVE To study the molecular mechanism of cisplatin(DDP)by which HeLa cell growth and proliferation are inhibited. METHODS Cultured HeLa cells were treated with DDP 0.02-75 μmol · L-1 for 24 or 48 h. CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cell proliferation. The wound scratch assay was used to detect the cell migration and invasion. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle arresting. q-PCR was used to test the expression of metastasis suppressor gene 1 (MTSS1)mRNA. Western blot was used to determine protein levels of MTSS1,phosphorylated-extra?cellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK) and phosphorylated-serine-threonine kinase(p-AKT). RESULTS Following the treatment with DDP for 24 or 48 h,the proliferation of HeLa cells was inhibited significantly (P<0.05),the value of the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cells was 4.14 and 11.82 μmol · L-1. Migration and invasion activity of HeLa cells were reduced according to the wound scratch assay(P<0.05). Flow cytometry results showed that the cell cycle was arrested at S phase. q-PCR results showed that MTSS1 mRNA expression changed with DDP in a concentration-dependent manner (r24 h=-0.965,P<0.01;r48 h=-0.953,P<0.01). Western blot showed that the protein levels of MTSS1,p-ERK and p-AKT expression declined significantly with the increase in DDP concentrations(p-ERK:r24 h=-0.875,P<0.01;r48 h=-0.966,P<0.01. p-AKT:r24 h=-0.831,P<0.01;r48 h=-0.863,P<0.01. MTSS1:r24 h=-0.969,P<0.01;r48 h=-0.988,P<0.01). CONCLUSION DDP treatment inhibits HeLa growth and proliferation by interfering with the MTSS1 expression and disturbing the activation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways.

Objective To investigate epidemiologic features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in China,and to provide scientific evidence for developing control strategies.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal,spacial and temporal distribution of genital Ct infection cases reported from 105 national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites in China between 2008 and 2015.Results The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 32.48 per 100 000 in 2008 to 37.18 per 100 000 in 2015,with the average annual rate of increase being 1.95％.There was marked variation in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection (range,＜ 1/100 000-615.99/100 000) among different STD surveillance sites,which was relatively high in the Pearl River Delta region,Yangtze River Delta region,Minjiang River region and some ethnic minority areas in western China,but low in north China and central China.In addition,no cases were reported at a few sites in rural areas.The reported annual incidence rate was higher in females than in males from 2008 to 2015,and the ratio of male to female cases decreased from 0.61:1 in 2008 to 0.46:1 in 2015.Among all age groups,the sexually active population aged 20-44 years showed high reported incidence of genital Ct infection,with the highest reported incidence observed in the group aged 25-29 years (range,116.72/100 000-142.98/100 000);the group aged 15-19 years showed the highest average annual rate of increase (10.06％) in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection.Among all kinds of medical institutions,general hospitals had the largest number of reported cases (range,66.00％-74.22％),followed by gynecology hospitals,Maternal and Child Health (MCH) hospitals and specialized dermatovenereology hospitals.Conclusions Genital Ct infection has been one of important public health issues in China,more attention should be paid to its prevention,and effective preventive measures are needed to be developed according to epidemiologic features.

Objective To detect the expression of metastasis sappressor 1(MTSS1) gene in cervical cancer tissue and to clarify its association with cervical cancer.Methods Totally 103 cases of cervical tissue were collected between Dec 2011 and Dec 2014 and classified according to biopsy and stage .Q-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of MTSS1 in normal cervical tissue and in different clinical stages of cervical cancer tissue .Results The expression of MTSS1 inⅡB-Ⅳstages of cervical cancer tissue was significantly higher than that of normal tissue or Ⅰ-ⅡA stages through q-PCR (P=0.000).Western blotting results showed that MTSS1 was positively expressed in normal cervical tissue at a rate of 23.3% or 53.3% in cervical cancer tissue.Moreover, the expression of MTSS1 was poorly correlated with age, tumor differentiation and lymphnode metastasis in cervical cancer tissue (P>0.05).The protein level of MTSS1 expressed in ⅡB-Ⅳ stages was significantly higher than that ofⅠ-ⅡA stages(P=0.005).Conclusion The expression of MTSS1 indicates the clinical stage of cervical cancer , suggesting that MTSS1 may play an important role in the development of cervical cancer .

Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics and trends of gonorrhea in China, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies. Methods An epidemiological study was performed on gonorrhea cases reported from 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government between 2000 and 2014. Results The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea decreased from 22.92 per 100 000 in 2000 to 7.25 per 100 000 in 2014, with the average annual rate of decrease being 7.89%. There was a significant difference in the incidence of gonorrhea between different regions. The regions with the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea were Yangtze River Delta region(Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu)and Zhujiang River Delta region(Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), followed by northwest China (Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia). The incidence of gonorrhea was higher in males than in females, and the average male/female ratio increased from 1.96 ∶ 1 in 2000 to 4.52 ∶ 1 in 2014. The population aged 20 - 44 years showed high incidence of gonorrhea, and the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea was observed in the age group 25 - 29 years in both men and women. The incidence of gonorrhea decreased in all the age groups from 2000 to 2014 except the age group 15 - 19 years with an annual growth rate of 4.18%. Of 20 occupations, peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (26.00%)of reported gonorrhea cases, and the number of reported gonorrhea cases showed a decreasing trend in all the occupations. Conclusions Gonorrhea remains a major public health issue in China, and effective measures based on epidemiological features are urgently needed to control gonorrhea.

Objective To explore the functional activation cerebral areas evoked by mechanical stimulation induced pruritus perception imitating physiological process.Methods Scratching the planta gently to induce pruritus with brush pen wool in a group of 16 healthy volunteers,scanning BOLD-fMRI serials with a block design on a 3.0 T MR machine,and identifying the functional cerebral areas evoked by pruritus with SPM8 software for analysis.Student's t test was used to compare the difference of incidences with P＜0.05 for statistical significance.Results Several brain regions were activated by pruritus stimulus.The strongest activation evoked by pruritus was found at the contralateral thalamus and paracentral lobule(t=5.26,5.23),the most activation volumes were found at the contralateral paracentral lobule,postcentral gyrus and prefrontal lobule(146,151 and 326 volumes).Different degrees of activation were discovered at bilateral insula,preeentral and postcentral gyrus,thalamus,lentiform nucleus and cingulated gyrus.Conclusion The postcentral gyrus,paracentral lobule,insula,precentral gyrus and frontal lobe were the functional activation cerebral areas of pruritus perception evoked by mechanical stimulation.

In order to investigate the effects of neuroprotective peptide SNP-9 which is derived from silk fibroin hydrolysate on the injury of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer′s disease (AD), Aβ25-35 was used to damage brain microvascular endothelial cells bEnd.3 to establish AD injury model and drug intervention was performed.MTT assay was used to detect the effects of SNP-9 and Aβ25-35 on cell viability.RT-qPCR was used to determine the effects of SNP-9 and Aβ25-35 on the mRNA levels of tight junctions (TJs)-related ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5.Western blot was used to detect the effects of SNP-9 and Aβ25-35 on the protein levels of TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, NF-κB, IκBα and RAGE.The results showed that SNP-9 reduced bEnd.3 cell damage induced by Aβ25-35, and improved the abnormal mRNA levels of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 in model cells.It alleviated the abnormal protein levels of TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, IκBα and RAGE induced by Aβ25-35. These results suggest that SNP-9 may regulate the levels of TNF-α in model cells by influencing RAGE/NF-κB pathway, and then ameliorate TJs-related abnormalities and alleviate bEnd.3 cell injury induced by Aβ25-35.