In order to search for a new pathway to improve the yield of ginseng through growing at the full sun shine accompanied by salicylic acid (SA), the net photosynthetic rate (P(n)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA) in Panax ginseng leaves, and the content of ginsenosides in roots were compared under various concentrations of SA and full sun shine with the traditional shade shed. Under the full sun shine, 0.05, 0.2 mmol x L(-1) SA increased net photosynthetic rate to a great extent. Under the cloudy day, the average net photosynthetic rate increased by 127.8% and 155.0% over the traditional shade shed, 13.9% and 27.5% over the treatment without SA respectively; under the clear day, 23.5% and 30.4% over the traditional shade shed, 8.6% and 14.6% over the treatment without SA, particularly obvious in the morning and late afternoon. With such concentration, SA increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and decreased the contents of the MDA. This difference resulted from different light intensity, rise of light saturation point, and fall of compensation point. Full sun shine decreased ginsenosides contents, but with SA, the ginsenosides regained, the content of Rg1 and Re, Rb1, total six types of ginsenosides in SA 0.2 mmol x L(-1) group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05) and other groups. The application of 0.2 mmol x L(-1) SA under full sun shine during a short time has little threat to the P. ginseng in spring, and could enhance the resistance to the adversity, which would improve the yield of ginseng heavily.
Catalase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; metabolism ; Light ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; metabolism ; Panax ; chemistry ; drug effects ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Peroxidases ; analysis ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; drug effects ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Seasons ; Superoxide Dismutase ; analysis ; metabolism

To explore a new method to identify Moutan Cortex to guarantee its safe use, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence was used to identify Moutan Cortex and its adulterants. DNA was extracted and target fragments were amplified. Sequences were analyzed and assembled by CodonCode Aligner V3.7.1. Genetic distances were computed and phylogenetic tree was constructed based on kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model by MEGA 5.0. The length of the 20 ITS2 sequences of Moutan Cortex from nine different places is 227 bp, and no variation site was detected. The maximum inter-specificK2P distance of Moutan Cortex is 0, the minimum intra-specific K2P distance is 0.041, the average intra-specific K2P distance is 0.222. According to NJ analysis, Moutan Cortex from different places can get together as one branch with bootstrap support values 99%, which indicates Moutan Cortex can be easily distinguished from its adulterants. Using ITS2 sequence can accurately identify Moutan Cortex and its adulterants, it is an effective supplementary to traditional identification methods.
Base Sequence ; China ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; methods ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; classification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paeonia ; classification ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Quality Control

Background Ginkgolide B (GB) has been proved to have neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects and can effectively inhibit apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells.But the high hydrophobic feature and low bioavailability of GB limit its clinical application.Self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) can effectively improve the infusibility drug dissolution and bioavailability in the retina.Objective This study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and drug-time change of GB-loaded SMEDDS in retina.Methods Eighty SD rats were randomized into 2 groups,2.5％ GB(40 mg/kg) of SMEDDS or GB suspension(0.1％ DMSO dissolve) were gastrically given respectively in two groups.The rats were sacrificed and retinas were isolated 15,30,45 minutes and 1 hour,2,4,8,12 hours to prepare the retinal suspension.The content of GB in retina was assayed with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-(1) (1)ss spectrum (HPLC-ESI-MS) and contrasted with standard curve.Practical drug dynamics program 3p87 was used to detect the pharmacokinetics parameters.The maximal content(Cmax,mg/g),time to peak (Tmax,h),clearance ratio (Ke/h),high-life period (t1/2) and area under the concentration-time curve(AUC0-∞,mg/(g · h)) of GB in various time points in retina after a single oral dose were calculated and compared between two groups.Results The standard curve was obtained over the concentration range of 1-32 mg/L with a linear regression equation,Y =0.0732X + 0.056 (r =0.992).A similar content-time curve was seen between GB suspension group and GB-SMEDDS group.The GB content was higher in GB-SMEDDS group than that in GB suspension group from 30 minutes through 12 hours after administration of drugs.The Cmax of GB-SMEDDS group and GB suspension group were(15.83±1.84) mg/g and(2.65±0.10) mg/g,the AUC0-∞ were(15.30±0.11)mg/(g· h)and(6.42±0.19)mg/(g · h).Conclusions HPLC-ESI-MS is proved to be a rapid,accurate,sensitive and suitable method for pharmocokinetic study of GB.SMEDDS can raise the concent of GB in retina,and it probably improve the bioavailability of GB.

0.05).Conclusion CYPIA1 MspⅠ polymorphism is not related to the susceptibility to colorectal carcinoma.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; therapeutic use ; Adult ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; drug therapy ; etiology ; immunology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma were widely used in strengthening spleen under different disease conditions, and were easily and often misused each other. Therefore, DNA barcode was used to distinguish Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma from their adulterants to ensure the safe use. The sequence lengths of ITS2 of Atractylodes macrocephala, Atractylodis Rhizoma (A. lancea, A. japonica and A. coreana) were both 229 bp. Among the ITS2 sequences of A. macrocephala, only one G/C transversion was detected at site 98, and the average GC content was 69.42%. No variable site was detected in the ITS2 sequences of A. lancea. The maximum K2P intraspecific genetic distances of both A. japonica and A. coreana were 0.013. The maximum K2P intraspecific genetic distances of A. macrocephala, A. lancea, A. japonica and A. coreana were less than the minimum interspecific genetic distance of adulterants. The ITS2 sequences in each of these polytypic species were separated into pairs of divergent clusters in the NJ tree. DNA barcoding could be used as a fast and accurate identification method to distinguish Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma, from their adulterants to ensure its safe use.
Atractylodes ; classification ; genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; methods ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; classification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; classification ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and its relation to clinical degree and responsiveness to antiviral therapy on hepatitis in order to guide the clinical therapy.

METHODSWe amplified HBV S gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the second-round PCR product, which was digested by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This genotype method was designed under the analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism and using the restriction enzymes that identified the genotype-specific sequences. Five restriction enzymes, Hph I , Nci I , Alw I, Ear I and NlaIV, were identified in genotype-specific RFLP from the S gene region. Representative sequences from the S genome region of each HBV genotype were aligned to show the restriction sites by the five restriction enzymes. The amplified S gene nucleotide sequences were sequenced by dideoxy-chain-termination method and the corresponding amino acid sequence was deduced using DNASIS software. Later, they were genotyped by comparing to representative S gene sequences obtained from GenBank. This confirmed the results of RFLP HBV genotyping methods, coincident with that of S gene sequence.

RESULTSGenotypes A, B, C, D were classified in 216 patients with HBV and DNA positive. The results showed that: 1 case (0.46%) of genotype A, 19 cases genotype B (8.8% ), 175 genotype C (81.02%) and 21 genotype D (9.72%). A total of 86 patients in the hospital were divided into either genotype C cases (69) or non-genotype C cases (17).

CONCLUSIONGenotype C was the major genotype in Changchun. Among HBV patients, type C was 80.95%, followed by genotypes B and D. Both hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis showed relations with genotype C.

Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; virology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B ; drug therapy ; Hepatitis B virus ; classification ; drug effects ; genetics ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; virology ; Liver Neoplasms ; virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological features of testicular malignant Leydig cell tumor (TMLCT) and improve the non-invasive diagnosis of the disease.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data on a case of TMLCT, detected the circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral venous blood, and reviewed the related literature.

RESULTSThe patient, a 47-year-old male, underwent radical orchidoepididymectomy under general anesthesia. Postoperative pathology confirmed the lesion to be TMLCT, which was mainly composed of Leydig cells and suspected with vessel carcinoma embolus. Immunohistochemistry showed the tumor cells to be positive for α-inhibin, Ki67, CD30, vimentin, EMA, and PLAP, but negative for CK, CK7, S100, CD10, SMA, Des, AFP, hCG, CEA, CK19, CD117, Oct-4, LCA, CD20, Pax-5, CD3, and CD43. Two CTCs were detected in the peripheral venous blood. The patient received 3 courses of chemotherapy for retroperitoneal multiple lymph nodes metastasis post-operatively. Subsequent CT imaging manifested no obvious reduction of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and consequently the patient again underwent retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and cryoablation. At 8 months after treatment, CT examination revealed notably enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes with the right adrenal gland evidently invaded.

CONCLUSIONTMLCT is an extremely rare sex-gonad stromal tumor with high malignancy and poor prognosis, and CTCs may be used for its early diagnosis and prognostic prediction.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leydig Cell Tumor ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery ; Testicular Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery

Adult ; Aged ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Autoimmunity ; Female ; Hepatitis C ; immunology ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (BHR) on inhibiting vascular calcification (VC) in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats by regulating BMP-2/Runx2/Osterix signal pathway, and to explore its possible mechanism.

METHODSThirty SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group, the model group, and the BHR group, 10 in each group. Rats in the model group and the BHR group were administered with 250 mg/kg adenine suspension by gastroagavage and fed with 1.8% high phosphorus forage, once per day in the first 4 weeks, and then gastric administration of adenine suspension was changed to once per two days in the following 5-8 weeks. Rats in the BHR group were administered with BHR at the daily dose of 55 g/kg by gastrogavage in the first 8 weeks, once per day. Equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in the normal group by gastrogavage for 8 weeks. Histological changes in renal tissue and aorta VC were observed by HE staining and alizarin red staining respectively. Levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in serum were detected. Protein expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), Runt related transcription factor (Runx2) , and Osterix were detected by Western blot.

RESULTSHE staining showed that compared with the normal group, disordered glomerular structure, tubular ectasia and dropsy, intracavitary inflammatory cell infiltration, dark brown crystal deposition in kidney tubules, renal interstitial fibrosis, and decreased number of renal blood vessels in the model group. Compared with the model group, normal glomerular numbers increased more, reduced degree of tubular ectasia, decreased number of inflammatory cells, and reduced adenine crystal deposition in the BHR group. Alizarin red staining showed that compared with the normal group, calcified nodes could be found in the model group, with extensive deposition of red particle in aorta. Compared with the model group, calcified nodes were reduced in the BHR group. Compared with normal group, serum levels of P, SCr, BUN, and iPTH significantly increased, serum Ca level significantly decreased, protein expressions of BMP-2, Runx2, Osterix also increased in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, serum levels of P, SCr, BUN, and iPTH levels significantly decreased, serum Ca level significantly increased, protein expressions of BMP-2, Runx2, Osterix also decreased in the BHD group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONBHD could improve renal function, Ca-P metabolism, and renal histological changes in CHF rats, down-regulate the expression level of BMP-2/Runx2/Osterix signal pathway in vascular calcification of CRF, which might be one of the mechanisms for inhibiting VC in CHF.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; metabolism ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Kidney ; pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Kidney Function Tests ; Kidney Tubules ; pathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Vascular Calcification ; drug therapy