Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells have shown great therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine .In this study, we performed meta-analysis to assess the clinical effectiveness of using exosomes in ischemia /reperfusion injury based on the reports pub-lished between January 2000 and September 2015 and indexed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases .The effect of exosomes on heart function was evaluated according to the following parameters:the area at risk as a percentage of the left ventricle , infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk , infarct size as a percentage of the left ventricle , left ventricular ejection fraction , left ventricular frac-tion shortening , end-diastolic volume , and end-systolic volume .Our analysis indicated that the currently available evidence confirmed the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes in the improvement of heart function .However , further mechanis-tic studies, therapeutic safety and clinical trials are required for optimization and validation of this approach to cardiac regeneration after ischemia/reperfusion injury .

AIM:Atherosclerosis primarily involved systemic arteries .Luminal surface , a monolayer of endothelial cells , of artery directly exposes to blood and is susceptible to active substances in the blood .Exosomes contain significantly amount of proteins and RNAs .Ex-osomes can be good and bad for cells , depending on their component .Thus, exosomes may contribute to atherosclerosis by affecting endothelial cells .This study analyzed the relationship of exosome proteins and atherosclerosis .METHODS: Fifty-six patients and healthy subjects were recruited and divided into two comparisons:healthy subjects vs atherosclerosis ( HS vs AS) , and hypertension vs hypertension plus atherosclerosis ( HT vs HT+AS) .Serum exosomes were decoded by protein mass spectrometry .The protein profile and function were analyzed by gene ontology ( GO) .RESULTS:It was found that five child terms repeatedly appeared in “response to stimulus” and “immune system process” of BP of the two categories ( HS vs AS and AS vs HT+AS):“positive regulation of innate immune response”,“immune response-activating signal transduction”,”activation of innate immune response”,“innate immune re-sponse-activating signal transduction” and “innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway ”.Two child terms repeatedly showed in “binding” of MF of the two categories:“antigen binding” and “enzyme binding”.Two proteins, PSMA6 and PSMA7, were repeatedly shown in the two categories .CONCLUSION:GO analysis was utilized for structure hierarchy “tree” to illustrate these proteins involved in various terms in BP , CC and MF.The PPI analysis supplied proteins which may play potentially im-portant roles in AS process .Innate immune system and blood coagulation pathway contribute to AS formation .The proteins, PSMA6, PSMA7 and Annexin A2, may can be the new target proteins for prevention and treatment of AS .

AIM:To analyze the proteins included in exosomes derived from blood of patients with hypertension and seek the main pathologi -cal changes in hypertension .METHODS:Forty-seven patients and healthy subjects were recruited and divided into two comparisons :healthy subjects vs atherosclerosis ( HS vs AS) , and atherosclerosis vs hypertension plus atherosclerosis ( AS vs HT+AS) .We extrac-ted exosomes from blood and utilized LC-MS/MS to identify the protein expression .We used GO analysis to established the hierarchy programs of biological process and molecular function .PPI was used to find the proteins related to the terms .RESULTS:It was found that three final child terms repeatedly shown in BP of the two categories ( HS vs AS and AS vs HT+AS):“signal transduction in re-sponse to DNA damage”,“response to zinc ion”, and“platelet aggregation”.It was found that two final child terms in MF of the two categories:“interleukin 2 receptor binding” and“ploy(A) RNA binding”.The proteins, PSMA6, PSMA7 and CA2, were related to the terms in the two categories .CONCLUSION: We discovered that the exosome proteins may indicate the pathological changes in hypertension through the biological processes related with the specific proteins .These specific proteins, such as VCL, PSMA6, DP, AKAP, ATP5B and CA2, can be the new indicators for severity of hypertension and new therapeutic targets .

Penaeidin-2 (Pen-2) is an important antimicrobial peptide derived from the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, and possesses both antibacterial and antifungal activities. Recent studies suggest that recombinant penaeidins show similar activities to the native Pen-2 protein. Previous researches have shown that some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. To date, there have been no studies on the antitumor effects of Pen-2. This study evaluated the potential of recombinant pen-2 (rPen-2) in the selective killing of kidney cancer cell lines ACHN and A498, and its action mechanism. MTT assays found the maximal growth inhibition of HK-2, ACHN and A498 cells treated with 100 μg/mL rPen-2 at 48 h was 13.2%, 62.4%, and 70.4%, respectively. DNA-specific fluorescent dye staining showed a high percentage of apoptosis on cancer cells. Flow cytometry revealed that the apoptosis rate of HK-2, ACHN and A498 cells was 15.2%, 55.2%, and 61.5% at 48 h respectively, suggesting that rPen-2 induced higher apoptosis rate in cancer cells than in HK-2 cells. Laser confocal scanning microscopy demonstrated that the plasma membrane was the key site where rPen-2 interacted with and destroyed tumor cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed the morphologic changes of the cell membranes of kidney cancer cells treated with rPen-2. These results suggest that rPen-2 is a novel potential therapeutic agent that may be useful in treating kidney cancers.

AIM:To investigate the effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes (hiPSC-exo) on cell viability, capillary-like structure formation , and senescence in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose .METHODS: Exosomes were isolated from the conditional medium of hiPSCs and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy , nanoparticle tracking analysis , and Western blot analysis using Alix and CD63 as markers.hiPSC-exo were labeled with PKH26 for tracking.Cultured HUVECs were treated with high glucose (33 mmol/L) with or without hiPSC-exo (20 mg/L) for 48 h, and cell viability, capillary tube formation, and senescence were assessed .RESULTS:hiPSC-exo showed a typical cup shape and could be taken up by human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a concentration-dependent manner.When exposed to high glucose, viability and tube formation in HUVECs was signifi-cantly reduced, whereas the proportion of senescent cells was higher compared to that in control HUVECs (P<0.01).Furthermore, hiPSC-exo restored cell viability and capillary-like structure formation , and reduced senescence in HUVECs exposed to high glucose (P<0.01).However, hiPSC-exo had minimal effects on normal HUVECs.Therefore, stem cell-derived exosomes can promote cell proliferation, enhance capillary-like structure formation , and reduce senescence in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose . CONCLUSION:Our study highlights the role of exosomes derived from hiPSC and may provide a new strategy for maintaining vascular health, preventing vascular aging , and avoiding pathological vascular remodeling that occurs in many diseases .

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of light irradiation intensity on bond durability of dual-cured resin luting agents to silanized ceramics.

METHODSLinkmax HV (LMHV), Nexus 2 (NX2), Variolink II HV (VL II HV) as dual-cured resin luting agents were bonded to silanized GN-I glass ceramics, and irradiated by 800, 310 and 80 mW x cm(-2) light intensity to form micro-shear test specimens. After 1, 90 d water storage, micro-shear bond strength of silanized resin/ceramic luting agent were measured. Data of each resin luting agent were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS90 d water storage decreased significantly the bond strength of all test groups, and the weak of irradiation intensity did not deteriorate this reduction of bond strength of luting resin/cermaic, oppositely in which LMHV irradiated by 310 mW x cm(-2) light intensity and NX2 irradiated by 80 mW x cm(-2) showed the higher bond strength than that irradiated by 800 mW x cm(-2).

CONCLUSIONThe weak of irradiation intensity does not affect the bond durability of dual-cured resin luting agents to silanized ceramics.

Ceramics ; Composite Resins ; Dental Cements ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; Resin Cements

OBJECTIVETo analyze the effect of different silane coupling agents on the resin bond durability of glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic. Methods A glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic was silanized or not by three silane coupling agents. The treated ceramic surfaces were bonded with two resin cements. Their micro-bond strength were measured after 0, 30,000 thermal cycles.

RESULTSBefore thermal cycling, resin cement A had lowest bond strength to ceramic, and ceramic treated by silane coupling agent A with two cements had lower bond strength than those treated by silane coupling agent B and C. After thermal cycling, cement A had no bond strength with no treated ceramic, only ceramic treated by silane coupling agent A with two cements had more than 5 MPa bond strength.

CONCLUSIONThe glass-infiltrated alumina cermaic treated by the silane coupling agent activated by 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogen phosphate could obtain better bond durability with different type of resin cements.

Aluminum Oxide ; chemistry ; Ceramics ; chemistry ; Dental Bonding ; Glass ; chemistry ; Resin Cements ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (BHR) on inhibiting vascular calcification (VC) in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats by regulating BMP-2/Runx2/Osterix signal pathway, and to explore its possible mechanism.

METHODSThirty SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group, the model group, and the BHR group, 10 in each group. Rats in the model group and the BHR group were administered with 250 mg/kg adenine suspension by gastroagavage and fed with 1.8% high phosphorus forage, once per day in the first 4 weeks, and then gastric administration of adenine suspension was changed to once per two days in the following 5-8 weeks. Rats in the BHR group were administered with BHR at the daily dose of 55 g/kg by gastrogavage in the first 8 weeks, once per day. Equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in the normal group by gastrogavage for 8 weeks. Histological changes in renal tissue and aorta VC were observed by HE staining and alizarin red staining respectively. Levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in serum were detected. Protein expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), Runt related transcription factor (Runx2) , and Osterix were detected by Western blot.

RESULTSHE staining showed that compared with the normal group, disordered glomerular structure, tubular ectasia and dropsy, intracavitary inflammatory cell infiltration, dark brown crystal deposition in kidney tubules, renal interstitial fibrosis, and decreased number of renal blood vessels in the model group. Compared with the model group, normal glomerular numbers increased more, reduced degree of tubular ectasia, decreased number of inflammatory cells, and reduced adenine crystal deposition in the BHR group. Alizarin red staining showed that compared with the normal group, calcified nodes could be found in the model group, with extensive deposition of red particle in aorta. Compared with the model group, calcified nodes were reduced in the BHR group. Compared with normal group, serum levels of P, SCr, BUN, and iPTH significantly increased, serum Ca level significantly decreased, protein expressions of BMP-2, Runx2, Osterix also increased in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, serum levels of P, SCr, BUN, and iPTH levels significantly decreased, serum Ca level significantly increased, protein expressions of BMP-2, Runx2, Osterix also decreased in the BHD group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONBHD could improve renal function, Ca-P metabolism, and renal histological changes in CHF rats, down-regulate the expression level of BMP-2/Runx2/Osterix signal pathway in vascular calcification of CRF, which might be one of the mechanisms for inhibiting VC in CHF.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; metabolism ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Kidney ; pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Kidney Function Tests ; Kidney Tubules ; pathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Vascular Calcification ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of Al2O3 particles sandblasting on the surface roughness, element composition and resin bond durability of zirconia ceramic.

METHODSSixty 2.5 mm thick computer aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) zirconia ceramic (Vita Inceram YZ) plates were fired, polished and cleaned. Half of polished ceramic plates was sandblasted with 50 µm alumina particles at 0.3 MPa for 20 s. The surface roughness of polished and sandblasted ceramic surface were measured by 3D-laser scanning microscope, and the surface element weight and atom ratio of the ceramic surface were measured by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Then polished and sandblasted ceramic plates were randomized into six groups. In Group 1 and 2 the polished and sandblasted ceramic plates were bonded irrespectively with conventional resin cement (DUOLINK). In Group 3 and 4 the ceramic plates were bonded with resin cement containing MDP (Panavia F), In Group 5 and 6 the specimens were pretreated with silane coupler acitivated by MDP (Clearfil Ceramic Primer), then bond with Panavia F. The specimens of each test group were then divided into two subgroups, and to received shear test after 0 and 10 000 time thermal cycle. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and independent t test.

RESULTSComparing with polishing, sandblasting reduced the oxygen atom and weight ratio of zirconia ceramic surface (P < 0.001), and increased the zirconium atom and weight ratio (P < 0.001), meanwhile increased the surface roughness (P < 0.001). The bond strength between ceramic plates and resin cement in all test groups decreased after thermocycling (P < 0.001). All specimen in test group 1 and 2 lost bond, and the bond strength of test group 3 and 5 [(0.59 ± 0.17), (0.89 ± 0.84) MPa] were significantly lower than that of test group 4 and 6 [(14.63 ± 3.03), (16.64 ± 1.90) MPa], and the bond strength of test group 6 were significanlty higher than that of test group 4.

CONCLUSIONSSandblasting improves durability of bond between zirconia ceramic and resin cement containing MDP, not only by increasing the roughness and area of ceramic surface, but also by changing its surface element composition to obtain more chemical bond.

Aluminum Oxide ; chemistry ; Ceramics ; chemistry ; Dental Bonding ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Resin Cements ; chemistry ; Shear Strength ; Surface Properties ; Zirconium ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor analgesia on the clinical outcome of labor.

METHODSA retrospective study was conducted involving 281 healthy primiparas, including 106 undergoing spontaneous labor who received epidural 0.15% ropivacaine in combination with fentany (1microg/ml) and 175 without epidural analgesia. The active phase duration, durations of each labor stages, delivery modes, management of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, incidence of fetal distress and asphyxia neonatorum were recorded in the two groups. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain of uterine contraction, and modified Bromage scoring system applied to evaluate the lower limb motor block.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in the duration of the first, third or the total labor stages between the two groups, but the second labor stage was prolonged in the labor analgesia group. The ratio of spontaneous labor, assisted vaginal delivery, and incidence of asphyxia neonatorum were higher, whereas the duration of the active stage was shortened in the analgesia group.

CONCLUSIONEpidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl in labor can decrease the incidence of cesarean section, and the duration of the active stage can be shortened with application of ocytocin.

Adult ; Amides ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Analgesia, Epidural ; methods ; Analgesia, Obstetrical ; methods ; Anesthetics, Combined ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Anesthetics, Local ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Fentanyl ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Labor Pain ; drug therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies