Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; pathology ; Leg ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous ; immunology ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Skin Neoplasms ; immunology ; pathology

The establishment of quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine system that not only accords with Chinese medicine function characteristics but also is recognized as international medical circles, is an arduous task in urgent need of solving the current modernization of traditional Chinese medicine in the process of internationalization. It is difficult to evaluate atraditional Chinese medicine by detection of single active components in traditional Chinesemedicinewiththe western medicine quality controlmethod due to the overall effects of traditional Chinese drugs, the components of the overall diversity, targets, and the complexity of the interaction between components of unpredictable make the Long-term since, domestic and foreign scholars continue to explore and put forward a series of quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine to promote the development of traditional Chinese medicine. This article summarized the related academic ideas and developments to, providea new thought and perspective for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.
Drug Evaluation ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control

Objective To explore the clinico-pathological features, immunophenotype, treatment and prognosis of urologic primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Methods The clinical data of 3 patients with urologic PNET were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were male, aged 29, 32 and 75 years respectively. Two of the lesions were located in the kidney, and the third was located in the bladder. The sizes of renal tumors were 7.7 cm×6.2 cm and 12.6 cm×9.4 cm respectively. Imaging examinations revealed a well-defined mass with inhomogeneous echo inside. The size of bladder tumor was 10.0 cm×10.0 cm. CT scan demonstrated irregular thickening of the bladder wall, and the density of the wall was inhomogeneous. In the 2 cases of renal PNET radical surgery was performed, while an emergency palliative surgery to remove a blood clot and biopsy were performed in the bladder PNET case. Results In light microscope, the tumors were characterized by uniform small round or oval cells and nest-like or dense sheet structures surrounded by sparse fibrovascular stroma. Homer-Wright rosettes or pseudorosettes were observed, as well as mitoses. Immunohistochemical study revealed that all cases showed positive staining for CD99, synaptophysin and vimentin. One of the renal tumor cells showed positive for CD56, and the other renal tumor and urocystic tumor cells were focally positive for chromogranin A. Additionally, in 1 of the cases of renal tumor there was a high positive rate of 80% for Ki67 staining while the other case showed less than 5%. All 3 cases were eventually diagnosed as PNET. The first renal tumor case was not treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy postoperatively, and the patient died of recurrence 14 months after surgery. Both the second renal tumor case and the bladder tumor case underwent chemotherapy postoperatively, and they died 4 and 6 months after surgery respectively. Conclusions The urologic primary PNET is a very rare, highly malignant soft tissue tumor, and the diagnosis must be based on pathologic findings and immunohistochemical phenotypes. The multimodal treatment for urologic primary PNET consists of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Objective To analyze and summarize the clinical-pathological features,immunophenotype and prognosis of the lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma (LELGC).Methods The clinical,radiographic and histological data of four patients with LELGC were retrospectively analyzed.The expression of cytokeratin (CK),CD20,CD3,CD4,CD8,E-cadherin,β-catenin,bcl-2,p16,p53,p63,c-erbB-2,cyclin D1,Ki67 and DNA methyl-transferase 1 (DNMT1) in tumor was detected by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods.Results The size of four tumor was 1.8 cm× 1.6 cm,1.5 cm× 2.0 cm,2.5 cm× 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm× 2.5 cm.Under light microscope,tumor cells appeared like cords,small lumps or scattered single infiltration with vacuolized nucleus; clear nucleoli and obvious interstitial lymphocytic infiltration.The results of immunohistochemical examination indicated that in four tumors CK was positive in membrane of all the tumor cells,while EBER was positive in all cell nucleus.The number of lymphocytes with CD3 positive was over those with CD20 positive,which was mainly CD8 positive lymphocytes.The percentage of E cadherin and β-catenin positive in the cell membrane of four tumors was between 10 ％ and 90 ％,and two cases with β-catenin positive in cytoplasm.The expressions of DNMT1,cyclin D1 and bcl-2 were all positive,while p16 and c-erbB-2 were all negative.The expression of p63 was positive in only one case,and p53 was negative in one case.The percentage of Ki67 positive was 40％,15％,60％ and 40％,respectively.Conclusions LELGC is a rare neoplasm with better prognosis.The features of clinical pathology and immunohistology may help to make a correct diagnosis.

AIM: To set the model of rat bone marrow me se nchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) that differentiate into cardiomyocytes and observe t he connection structure between cells. METHODS: BMMSCs were isolated by adhering to culture plates and cultured in vitro to expand. Induction of BMMSCs to differentiate into cardi omyo cytes was conducted by treating the cells with 5-aza. Immunocytochemical stainin g was used to identify sarcomeric actin and intercalated disc-like structure wh en the cells were cultured for additional 1 week, 2 or 3 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: Sarcomeric actin positive cells were observed in 1 week , 2 or 3 weeks after 5-aza treatment. Some cells stained positive for connexin4 3 at 1 week and 2 weeks after 5-aza treatment, with brown pellet located disper sively around nucleus. 3 weeks after 5-aza treatment, connexin43 positive cells s howed brown pellet arranging in thready structure around nucleus, such structure could be seen between very few cells which was similar to intercalated disc-lik e structure in normal heart tissue. CONCLUSION: During the process of BMMSCs differentiating into ca rdiomyocytes, intercalated disc-like structure is gradually formed with increas e in culture time and cell density.

Objective To study the role of cell apoptosis during the chemotherapy of human gliocytoma in order to get effective suvilliance on the effect of chemotherapy. Methods Gliocytoma cells were isolated and cultured from 40 human gliocytoma samples. Mitochondrial membrance potential (MMP), cell cycle, the level of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by flow cytometry (FCM) at 24, 48, 72 hours respectively of incubation with Lomustine (CCNU) and Teniposide (VM-26), and the trends were also analysed. Results MMP decreased greatly, the apoptosis part in the cell cycle ananlysis increase, the expression level of Bcl-2 decreased, and that of Bax increase rapidly, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased. Conclusions CCNU and VM-26 have singnificant effect in gliocytoma chemotherapy on inducing gliocytoma cell apoptosis. VM-26 has more stronger effect on the cell cycle. MMP is the most sensitive and the fastest index in apoptosis detection.

As a depot drug delivery system, injectable polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) sustained-release microspheres have been successfully used to treat many diseases since the first microsphere product Lupron depot was approved for marketing in the United States in 1989. It has the ability of long-term release in the body for several days to several months, which can not only reduce the times of administration, but also reduce the drug blood concentration fluctuations, significantly improve the safety and patient compliance. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) makes the development of microspheres more possible. It can describe the dynamic information of drug release in vivo through the in vitro release behavior of microspheres, and can reduce the workload of each stage and shorten the time span while characterizing the performance of microspheres. IVIVC can provide guidance or support for drug development, production changes, supervision and management. This article summarizes the release mechanism of injectable PLGA sustained-release microspheres, common measurement methods and theories of in vitro and in vivo release. And we also focus on the establishment and application of IVIVC, especially A level IVIVC in the field of microsphere preparations, to provide a reference for further study on in vitro-in vivo correlation of microspheres.

Base Pairing ; Dimerization ; Genome, Viral ; RNA, Viral ; chemistry ; genetics ; Retroviridae ; chemistry ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo describe the morphologic features and immunohistochemistry of spindle cell carcinoma of breast with neuroendocrine differentiation.

METHODSRetrospective review of 2500 cases of breast carcinoma showed 5 cases (0.2%) with a predominance (> 80%) of spindle cell component. Amongst the 5 cases studied, 2 represented intraductal spindle cell carcinoma and 3 represented invasive spindle cell carcinoma. The paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff and reticulin stain. Immunohistochemical studies for AE1/AE3, CEA, EMA, CK7, 34betaE12, NSE, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, Leu-7, vimentin, S-100, SMA, calponin, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-erbB2, E-cadherin, Ki-67 and p53 were also carried out. Follow-up information was available in 4 of the 5 cases.

RESULTSThe mean age of the patients was 68 years. Histologically, all tumors were predominantly composed of elongated spindle cells. Three of these cases also contained tumor cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, alcian blue-positive tumor cells were observed in 4 cases. Immunohistochemically, the spindle tumor cells in all cases expressed AE1/AE3, CEA, EMA, E-cadherin and synaptophysin. CK7 was positive in 4 cases, NSE in 3 cases, chromogranin A and Leu-7 in 2 cases. Estrogen receptor was expressed in 4 cases and progesterone receptor in 2 cases. Overexpression of c-erbB2 oncoprotein was detected in only 1 case. Vimentin was focally positive in 1 case. Two cases of intraductal spindle cell carcinoma and 1 of the 3 cases of invasive spindle cell carcinoma were classified as neuroendocrine carcinoma of spindle cell type, while the remaining 2 cases of invasive spindle cell carcinoma were considered as metaplastic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Amongst the 4 patients with follow-up information available, 3 were still alive 24 to 58 months after the initial diagnosis. One patient died within 27 months of diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONSThe presence of spindle tumor cells and sometimes intracytoplasmic mucin are useful morphologic clues in diagnosing spindle cell carcinoma of the breast with neuroendocrine differentiation. Intraductal neuroendocrine spindle cell carcinoma needs to be distinguished from usual ductal hyperplasia and intraductal papilloma. On the other hand, invasive spindle cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation needs to be distinguished from spindle cell myoepithelioma, malignant melanoma and sometimes soft tissue neoplasm.

Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Breast Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology ; Carcinoma ; chemistry ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; chemistry ; pathology ; Chromogranin A ; Chromogranins ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; chemistry ; pathology ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Synaptophysin ; analysis

Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, CD20 ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Axilla ; Histiocytic Sarcoma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptors, IgE ; metabolism