Following the basic theory of protecting gas-reservoirs from damage with the temporary bridging technology, inert calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles, whose diameter is consistent with the size of pores or apertures in the reservoir, were selected as the bridging agent, and modified resolvable starch was selected as filtration loss reducing particles to form the non-clay low damage temporary bridging drilling/completion fluids system (NLTDFS). Under the simulated condition of the well bottom during real drilling, NLTDFS was used to conduct dynamic and static damage experiments of cores for 48 hours, respectively, and then the experimented cores were permeated with pure nitrogen from the undamaged end to the damaged one to measure their recovery of permeability. The results showed that the permeability recovery rate of the core reached 90% or so, and the damaged depth was less than 1 cm, which demonstrates that NLTDFS has higher temporary bridging effectiveness and lower damage to the gas-reservoir than other drilling fluids system. NLTDFS has been used to drill many horizontal wells, and four of them have obtained high yield of natural gas. The yield of natural gas of LP1 well reached 85 × 104 m 3/day after completion with the rump pipe. The formation of the stable well wall and smooth drilling led to an API loss less than 4 mL and an HTHP loss less than 15 mL.

Following the basic theory of protecting gas-reservoirs from damage with the temporary bridging technology, inert calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles, whose diameter is consistent with the size of pores or apertures in the reservoir, were selected as the bridging agent, and modified resolvable starch was selected as filtration loss reducing particles to form the non-clay low damage temporary bridging drilling/completion fluids system (NLTDFS). Under the simulated condition of the well bottom during real drilling, NLTDFS was used to conduct dynamic and static damage experiments of cores for 48 hours, respectively, and then the experimented cores were permeated with pure nitrogen from the undamaged end to the damaged one to measure their recovery of permeability. The results showed that the permeability recovery rate of the core reached 90% or so, and the damaged depth was less than 1 cm, which demonstrates that NLTDFS has higher temporary bridging effectiveness and lower damage to the gas-reservoir than other drilling fluids system. NLTDFS has been used to drill many horizontal wells, and four of them have obtained high yield of natural gas. The yield of natural gas of LP1 well reached 85 × 104 m 3/day after completion with the rump pipe. The formation of the stable well wall and smooth drilling led to an API loss less than 4 mL and an HTHP loss less than 15 mL.

Humans ; Radiography ; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis ; diagnostic imaging

To demonstrate the current strategies for treating cartilage defects of knees and the related research. Published papers about cartilage defects were searched and reviewed. The current strategies for the treatment were summarized. Based on the research of our study and others, the conclusion how to treat cartilage defects was made. The current ways for treating cartilage defects include micro-fractures, chondrocytes transplantation, mosaicplasty and tissue engineering; Research on functional magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnosis of cartilage defects, cartilage degeneration is gradually increasing. There is still no effective treatment of cartilage defects and tissue engineering has brought new hopes for the treatment of cartilage defects , functional magnetic resonance imaging has some significance in early diagnosis of cartilage defects, cartilage degeneration.
Animals ; Cartilage Diseases ; surgery ; therapy ; Cartilage, Articular ; surgery ; Humans ; Knee ; surgery ; Tissue Engineering ; Transplantation, Autologous

Oroxylum indicum was a traditional Chinese medicine. In order to study the chemical constituents from the seed of O. indicum, the chemical constituents of 80% methanol extract of seeds of O. indicum were subjected to chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC, leading to the isolation of eleven compounds. The structures were identified by various spectroscopic data including ESI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR data as oroxin B (1), chrysin (2), baicalein (3), neglectein (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopy ranoside (5), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2α,3β-dihydroxylluPeol (7), lupeol (8), rengyol (9), β-sitostero (10), and stigmasterol (11). Among them, compound 5 were firstly obtained from O. indicum.
Bignoniaceae ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Seeds ; chemistry

The raphe of the human penis and scrotum is considered to develop secondarily after disappearance of the initial midline seam by fusion of the bilateral genital folds. However, the fetal development was still obscure. We examined histological sections of 30 fetuses (17 males and 13 females) at 10-15 weeks. In male fetuses, the scrotum was not yet clearly identified because of no descent of testis. The perineal raphe was thin and wavy at 10 weeks, and it was continuous with and took a direction same as the inferior wall of the closed penile urethra after physiological hypospadias. Depending on growth of the bulbospongiosus muscle and corpus spongiosus penis, the midline intermuscular septum obtained a connection to the subcutaneous wavy raphe and made the latter thick and straight at 12-15 weeks. Notably, the perineal raphe extended posteriorly to attach to the external anal sphincter. In female fetuses, an epithelial fusion occurred along a short distance at the posterior end of the vestibule. However, in front of the external anal sphincter, a large midline mesenchymal tissue from the urorectal septum did not contain a raphe-like structure. Moreover, since the bilateral bulbospongiosus muscles were separated widely by the vestibule, they did not provide a midline septum. Fetal development of the perineal raphe was accelerated by reinforcement from the muscular septum. In contrast, without such a muscular support, the female raphe could not maintain its growth even if the seed appeared at the posterior end of the vestibule.
Anal Canal* ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Fetus* ; Humans* ; Hypospadias ; Male ; Muscles ; Penis ; Scrotum ; Testis ; Urethra

Hypotension is one of the potential causes of dizziness. In this review, we summarize the studies published in recent years about the electrophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms of hypotension-induced dizziness and the role of the vestibular system in the control of blood pressure in response to hypotension. It is postulated that ischemic excitation of the peripheral vestibular hair cells as a result of a reduction in blood flow to the inner ear following hypotension leads to excitation of the central vestibular nuclei, which in turn may produce dizziness after hypotension. In addition, excitation of the vestibular nuclei following hypotension elicits the vestibulosympathetic reflex, and the reflex then regulates blood pressure by a dual-control (neurogenic and humoral control) mechanism. In fact, recent studies have shown that peripheral vestibular receptors play a role in the control of blood pressure through neural reflex pathways. This review illustrates the dual-control mechanism of peripheral vestibular receptors in the regulation of blood pressure following hypotension.
Blood Pressure* ; Dizziness ; Ear, Inner ; Epinephrine ; Glutamic Acid ; Hair Cells, Vestibular ; Hypotension* ; Reflex ; Vestibular Nuclei

Because the ureter arises from the mesonephric or Wolffian duct (WD), the WD opening should migrate inferiorly along the urogenital sinus or future urethra. However, this process of descent has not been evaluated morphometrically in previous studies and we know little about intermediate morphologies for the descent. In the present work, serial sagittal sections of 15 specimens at gestational age 6–12 weeks and serial horizontal sections of 20 specimens at 6–10 weeks were analyzed. Monitoring of horizontal sections showed that, until 9 weeks, a heart-, lozenge- or oval-shape of the initial urogenital sinus remained in the bladder and urethra. Thus, the future bladder and urethra could not be distinguished by the transverse section or plane. The maximum width of the urogenital sinus or bladder at 6–10 weeks was 0.8 mm, although its supero-inferior length reached 5 mm at 10 weeks. During earlier stages, however, the medial shift of the WD was rather evident. Depending on the extent of upward growth of the bladder smooth muscle, the descent of the vas deferens became evident at 10–12 weeks. Development of the urethral rhabdosphincter likely resulted in the differentiation of urogenital sinus into the urethra and bladder before formation of the bladder neck with 3-layered smooth muscles. Development of the prostate followed these morphological changes, later accelerating the further descent of the WD opening. Because of their close topographical relationships, slight anomalies or accidents of the umbilical cord at 10–12 weeks may have a significant effect on normal anatomy.
Embryonic Structures* ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Human Development ; Humans* ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neck ; Prostate ; Umbilical Cord ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Vas Deferens* ; Wolffian Ducts*

Objective To understand epidemiological characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in people aged over 40 years in a rural area of Tianjin.Methods Using cluster sampling,1 508 subjects over 40 years old at five villages in Xinkaikou Township,Baodi District,Tianjin were investigated with respiratory questionnaire,lung function test and physical examination.Confirmed patients with COPD were examined by chest roentgenography and electrocardiography.Results One hundred and forty-two subjects in that area suffered from COPD,with prevalence of 9.4%,24 of them (16.9%)were diagnosed as cor pulmonale.Prevalence of COPD increased with age,higher in men (13.5%)than that in women(6.2%),higher in smokers(12.2%)than that in non-smokers(7.2%), higher in those with family history(21.4%)than that in those without it(8.45%),and higher in those with coughing history during their childhood(75.0%)than that in those without it(9.2%),all with a P-value of less than 0.01.Univariate analysis showed that out-door air pollution,cooking,time length of burning firewood during cooking,smoking,coughing history during childhood,gender,age,family history all were predisposing factors for COPD.Multivariate analysis with logistic regression model showed that gender,age, family history were independently predisposing factors for COPD.Quality of life was better in non-COPD subjects than in those with COPD,with statistically significant difference.Conclusions Prevalence of COPD was relatively higher in people of rural Tianjin,with gender,age,family history and outdoor air pollution as main risk factors.

Objective To explore the effect of propofol on the apoptosis of PC12 cell induced by glutamic acid.Methods PC12 cells were in-duced 10 mmol · L-1 glutamate for 48 h, and were divided into model group , propofol low , medium and high dose groups.The normal cells were used as control group.Control group and model group were received culture medium without any drugs for 48 h.Propofol low , medium and high dose groups were given 12.5 , 25.0 , 50.0 μmol · L-1 propofol for 48 h.The viability of PC12 cell was measured by MTT assay.PC12 cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The activity of Caspase -3 was determined by spectrophotometric method.The expression of FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene ( c -fos ) and early growth response protein 1 ( Egr -1 ) were detected by Realtime -PCR and western blot.Results Compared with the normal group , the cell apoptosis rate , the activity of Caspase -3 , the expression of c -fos mRNA and protein increased , and the cell viability , the expression of Egr -1 mRNA and protein decreased in the model group ( P<0.01 ).Compared with the model group, the acitivity of Caspase -3, the cell apoptosis rate , the activity of Caspase -3, the expression of c-fos mRNA and protein decreased , and the cell viability , the expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein increased in propofol low -dose , medium -dose and high -dose group ( P <0.05 ).Conclusion Propofol suppressed the apoptosis of PC 12 cell induced by glutamic acid , which was related with the expression of c-fos and Egr-1.