Neural stem cell (NSC) has self-renewal and differentiation potential.It can orderly differentiate into neurons,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the development of central nervous system.NSC differentiation was commonly regulated by a variety of factors,including cytokines,transcription factors and epigenetic factors.Epigenetic regulation is a heritable gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.Histone modification is an important regulation mode in epigenetic modifications,which is essential in the transcription process.It also plays a critical role in the development of central nervous system.This article briefly reviews the histone methylation and demethylafion in the regulation of NSC differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Collagen type Ⅰ possesses low antigenicity and provides special functions of scaffold structure for cell migration, proliferation and secretion.OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological change after combination of transformed human embryonic tendon cells and artificial materials with collagen type Ⅰ, so as to provide the experimental basis for constructing tissue-engineered muscle tendon in vitro.DESIGN: Randomized and controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out at the Department of Transplantation Immunology, West China University of Medical Sciences from July to September 1998. Human hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid were combined with collagen and then set corresponding groups respectively. Simply hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid control groups were set respectively. Artificial materials: Healthy adult hair (30 cm in length, 80 g in weight), carbon fiber knitted strip (Lanzhou carbon factory )and polyglyolic acid fasciculi (Johnson , American) were used in this experiment.METHODS: ①In the group of human hair combined with collagen,nine healthy adult hairs were chosen . Three hairs as one bundle were knitted into tendon with 0.8 cm in length and 0.4 cm in diameter and a knot was tied respectively at the two ends. ②In the carbon fiber combined with collagen group, the purchased carbon fiber knitted strip was separated and made into artificial materials with the same diameter and length as those of human hair tendon. Two ends of the artificial materials were packed with 5/0 silk thread. ③In the polyglycolic acid combined with collagen group, three polyglycolic acid fasciculi were weaved into bundle with the same diameter and length as those of human tendon,and two ends were packed with 5/0 silk thread. ④The process of knitting scaffold materials was the same in control groups as in the corresponding experimental groups. ⑤ Five pieces were prepared in each scaffold material. After sterilized by 60Co, the scaffold materials were put in collagen type Ⅰ solution for 0.5 hour, then taken out and dried at roomtemperature for use in the experimental groups. ⑥transformed human embryonic tendon cell, density for 3×106/mm3, was used for combined culture in each group, and cell number and morphology were observed at different time points after culture under an inverted microscope and scanning electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Observation of cell growth and adherence under an inverted microscope ② Observation of cell morphology and material adherence under scanning electron microscope RESULTS: ① Observation of cell growth and adherenceunder an inverted microscope :In each experimental group, at two hours after culture, cells gathered around the materials, and some cells adhered to materials presented round; At three days after culture, the number of cells adhered to materials began to increase, morphology changed from round to oval, and the co-existence of round and oval cells was seen;While in each control group, at two and three hours after culture, few cells adhered to the three materials. On day five after culture, in each experimental group, cell morphology turned into fusiform, the number of cells increased further and a great many fusiform cells grew among carbon fiber materials; while in the control group, most cells presented round and ellipse, and the number of cells was less as compared with the corresponding experimental group. ② Cell morphology and material adherence under scanning electron microscope: On day 5 after in vitro culture, most tendon cells on the surface of materials presented spindle-shape in each experimental group. Apophysis stretched out from the tendon cells, grew along longitudinal axon of the materials. Silk and piece-like substance appeared among the apophysis and weaved each other. While there were fewer cells adhered in control group than in corresponding experimental group, cells also presented fusiform or round, but no silk or piece-like substance was found, also no apophysis appeared.CONCLUSION: Human hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid combined with collagen type Ⅰ will facilitate cell adherence. Cells increase around the materials and co-existence of round and oval cells could be seen, and cells turned into fusiform, suggesting that exogenous collagen facilitate the cells to adhere onto the materials and proliferate.

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture and massage on tiptoe in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods 49 children with spastic cerebral palsy were divided into treatment group (n=24) and control group (n=25) in accordance with the order of visiting. The control group accepted routine rehabilitation, and the treatment group accepted acupuncture and massage in addition. They were assessed with Composite Spasticity Scale (CSS), the angle of ankle passive dorsiflexion before and after treatment. Results The scores of CSS and the angle of ankle passive dorsiflexion improved in both groups after treatment (P<0.001), and improved more in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.001). The rate of improvement was 95.6% in the treatment group, and 78.26% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture and massage may further improve the correcting of the tiptoe in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Objective To evaluate the effects of parecoxib sodium for preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing cerebral angiography. Methods Sixty patients undergoing cerebral angiography were divided into two groups by random digits table with 30 cases in each : group P and group F. Patients in group P received parecoxib sodium 40 mg 30 min before operation, while group F received fentanyl 1 μ g/kg 2 min before operation. The changes of hemodynamics were observed before operation (To), immediately right internal carotid artery angiography during operation (T1), immediately right vertebral artery angiography (T2),immediately left internal carotid artery angiography(T3), immediately left vertebral artery angiography(T4), 10min after operation (T5). The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2)and visual analogue score (VAS) were recorded at different times during the whole operation. Results There were no significantly differences on MAP, HR and VAS between group P and group F (P ＞ 0.05 ). But the SpO2 at T1 ,T2,T3 in group F (0.94±0.03,0.95±0.02,0.95±0.02) were significantly lower than those in group P (0.98 ± 0.01,0.98 ± 0.02,0.98 ± 0.02 )(P＜0.05 ), and 2 cases SpO2 ＜ 0.90 at Ti. Conclusion Parecoxib sodium administered preemptively provides a nice analgesic effect in patients undergoing cerebral angiography, and is more safe than fentanyl.

Objective To investigate the roles of theaflavins(TFs) in airway mucus hypersecretion induced by human neutrophil elastase(HNE). Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549 was stimulated by HNE for mucus hypersecretion,and TF monomers(TF1,TF2 and TF3) were used for intervention.The effects of TF monomers on viability of A549 cells were examined by MTT method.After the effective doses of TFs were determined,A549 cells were divided into 4 groups for experiment.In control group,A549 cells were cultured with serum-free medium.In HNE treatment group,A549 cells were treated with HNE(50 nmol/L) for 24 h.In TF monomer intervention groups,A549 cells were pre-treated with TF1,TF2 or TF3(50,100 or 200 ?g/mL) for 24 h,and were then treated with HNE for another 24 h.In AG1478 intervention group,A549 cells were pre-treated with AG1478(5 ?mol/L),an epidermal growth factor receptor blocker for 30 min,and were then treated with HNE for another 24 h.The changes in mucin(MUC) after treatment by different doses of TF1,TF2 and TF3,and by TF3(200 ?g/mL) for different time(12 h,24 h and 36 h) were detected.The changes in MUC5AC mRNA expression and MUC5AC protein expression were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA,respectively. Results The MUC5AC mRNA expression and protein expression in HNE treatment group were significantly higher than those in control group(P

Objective To study the relationship between the washout speed in the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and the differentiation grading in pathology in patients with hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Totally 271 patients who underwent complete resection for hypervascular HCC from April 2009 to December 2014 at Nanchong Central Hospital were included in this study.CEUS examinations were perfomred in all patients 2-3 days before liver resection.A timer on the ultrasound screen displayed the time elapsed since the saline flush was used to determine time to washout.The washout rate were categorized into four levels based on enhancement in portal venous phase and delayed phase.The differentiation grade and the washout speed were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test.Results All 271 (100％) lesions were arterially enhanced with different washout rate.Washout speed 1 was found in 19 patients (7.0％),while speed 2 in 157 patients (57.9％),speed 3 in 65 (24.0％),and speed 4 in 30,respectively.The washout speed had a significant correlation with the differentiation (x2=179.8238,P ＜ 0.001).The faster washout speed,the higher differentiated.Washout speed 1 could distinghuish well-differentiated from the poor and moderately differentiated tumor.The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative washout speed 1 to identify well histologic grade were 98.0％ and 77.8％,the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 96.0％ and 48.8％,and the positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratiowere were 1.9 and 0.01.Washout speed 4 could distinghuish poor differentiated from well and moderately differentiated tumor The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative washout speed 4 to identify poor histologic grade were 24.3％ and 97.0％,the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 65.3％ and 61.3％,and the positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratiowere were 3.2 and 0.7.Conculsions Washout speed can reflect the degree of differentiation roughly.Washout speed can effectively diagnose the well-differentiated HCC,but it is difficult for moderate and poor differentiated HCC.

Objective To investigate the effect of rosiglitazone on the CD4+regulatory T cells in the patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA).Methods The CIM+T cells from IADA patients were isolated with anti-CD4-dynal magnetic beads.The expression of Foxp3 mRNA,along with peroxisome proliferators activator receptors gamma(PPARγ)mRNA and TGF-131 mRNA was determined.The effect of rosiglitazone on CD4+T cells was measured,after treated with rosiglitazone for 48 h.Cell viability was assessed by Mtit assay.The proliferation was assayed with 3 H-TdR.Two-color staining(anti-CD4,anti-CD25)flow cytometric analysis was employed to measure the percentage of CD4+CD25+T cells of Deriph eral blood.Resuits PPARγmRNA was expressed in peripheral CD4+T lymphocytes.RosiglitazoBe inhibited phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-induced human CD4+T cell proliferation in dose dependence.The percentage of CD4+CD25+T cells showed no significant change after the peripheral blood culture with 1 μmol/Land 10μmot/L rosiglitazone.10 μmol/L of rosiglitazone induced Foxp3 mRNA expression in vitro (3.27fold,P<0.05),whereas TGF-β1 mRNA expression did not change.Furthermore,only 1 μmol/L of rosiglitazone could promote Foxp3 mRNA expression if adding IL-2(10 U/m1)in cultures(3.48 fold.P

Objective To analyze prophylactic chemotherapy outcome and clinical characteristics in patients of high-risk hydatidiform mole. Methods Twenty-three patients who were diagnosed as high-risk hydatidiform mole and undergone prophylactic chemotherapy in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.After prophylactic chemotherapy, 11 patients didn't develop to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN),while the other 12 patients developed to GTN and needed a regimen change to combination chemotherapy.The clinical characteristics of these patients and outcome of prophylactic chemotherapy were compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups on patients' age,weeks of delayed menses, enlarged uterine size excessive for gestational age, and incidence of theca-lutein cysts of ovaries. However,the median levels of pre-evacuation serum β-hCG in two groups were 469 144 U/L and 768 044 U/L respectively, and median days needed for β-hCG declining to normal(≤2U/L) at the first time were 71 and 120 days respectively, which were both significantly different between two groups.Analyzed with receiver operating charactristic(ROC), the level of serum β-hCG could be a predictor for prognosis. Choosing 750 000 U/L as the cut-off value, we could expect the serum β-hCG to have a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 58% to predict whether prophylactic chemotherapy will be successful.Conclusions For those patients who have to receive prophylactic chemotherapy because of risk factors and unavailable hCG assessments for follow-up, it's better to use double-agent or combination chemotherapy if the level of serum β-hCG reached 750 000 U/L so as to reduce therapy duration and prevent relevant chemoresistance.

Objective To analyze and compare the clinical characteristics and the treatment outcome of the patients with chemo-resistant and relapsed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).Methods The clinical records of the patients with refractory GTN treated at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from Jan 2005 to Dec 2007 were retrospectively reviewed.According to the reasons for referral, all cases were classified as chemo-resistant GTN group who had never a normal serum human chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit (β-hCG) level during their previous treatment, relapsed GTN group who had elevated serum β-hCG levels in the absence of the pregnancy after finished treatment 3 months or more, and undetermined GTN group who had elevated serum β-hCG levels in the absence of the pregnancy less than 3 months after completed treatment.The clinical features and treatment outcomes were compared between undetermined GTN group and chemo-resistant GTN group and also between undetermined GTN group and relapsed GTN group, respectively.Results Of 81 patients with refractory GTN, 32 cases were defined as undetermined GTN, 38 cases as chemo-resistant GTN and 11 cases as relapsed GTN.The median number of previous chemotherapy regimens, the rate of serologic complete remission ( SCR), the patients who needed to change regimens due to resistance, and the patients who needed to change regimens in the undetermined GTN group and the chemo-resistant GTN group were 2.3 versus 3.1 ( P = 0.010),100% (32/32) versus 66% (25/38, P ＜ 0.01 ), 22% (7/32) versus 58% (22/38, P = 0.002) and 28% (9/32) versus 63% (24/38, P = 0.003 ), respectively.No significant difference were observed between undetermined GTN group and relapsed GTN group in clinical features, previous and current treatment or treatment outcome ( all P ＞0.05 ).Conclusions In order to evaluate accurately the treatment outcome of refractory GTN, it seems more appropriate for the patients who had reached the normal value of serum β-hCG when completed treatment to be defined as patients with relapsed GTN, while whose serum β-hCG levels elevated in the absence of the pregnancy after the completion of treatment, irrespectively of duration of stopping treatment.Comparing with the patients with chemo-resistant GTN, the outcome of patients with relapsed GTN is better.

Humans ; Nanoparticles ; toxicity ; Skin ; drug effects ; Skin Absorption