Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is very common in both new drug development and clinic practice. Various drugs can induce kidney injuries, including tubulointerstitial, glomerular and renal vascular disease. To investigate the mechanism of drug induced nephrotoxicity is important for risk reduction of new drug development, reasonable drug usage, early discovery and effective prevention/treatment of adverse effects in clinics.

The purpose of education is to cultivate talents who can master the ability of self-learning lifelong. With the rapid development of multimedia technology, the knowledge carrier represented by micro curriculum plays a very important role in improving students' self-learning ability. In traditional Chinese medicine college, due to the short of time, weak learning foundation, the ability of self-learning is hard to improve in the modern medical courses such as biochemistry. This is not conducive to the cultivation of modern talents of Chinese medicine. In this paper, we chose the biochemistry teaching in TCM college as an example, and discuss how we can make the application of micro courses reasonably in the teaching process. This study was regarded as a starting to improve the students' self-learning ability effectively.

AIM: To identify an unknown peak in Guanxinning Injection(Radix et Rhizome Salviae Miltiorrhizae,Rhizoma Chuanxiong) chromatographic fingerprint. METHODS: The elution(44-46 min) separated and collected by HPLC was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-PDA-MS-MS. RESULTS: The unknown peak was corresponding to senkyunolidel I. CONCLUSION: It is quick method to identify the reported chemical in herbal medicine based on a small quantity of sample by GC-MS and HPLC-PDA-MS-MS.

AIM To explore the curative effects,adverse events,effects on immunity function and cost-effectiveness of Aiyu Capsules (Cremastrae pseudobulbus,Solanum lyratum,Angelicae sinensis Radix,etc.) or Fufang Banmao Capsules (Mylabris,Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Astragali Radix,etc.) combined with icotinib hydrochloride in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).METHODS One hundred and sixty patients with advanced NSCLC were randomly divided into three groups.The patients in icotinib hydrochloride group (n =80) took icotinib hydrochloride,125 mg each time,three times a day;the patients in Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group or Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were treated with Aiyu Capsules (40 cases,three pills each time,three times a day) or Fufang Banmao Capsules (40 cases,one pill each time,three times a day) combined with icotinib hydrochloride (125 mg each time,three times a day),respectively.Curative effects,adverse events,serum tumor markers,dendritic cell subsets and cost-effectiveness among the three groups were compared.RESULTS Eight weeks after the treatment,effective rates in the Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group (82.50％) and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group (97.5％) were significantly higher than that in the icotinib hydrochloride group (73.5％) (P ＜ 0.05).Six-month survival rates in the icotinib hydrochloride group,Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were 93.7％,97.5％ and 97.5％,respectively;one-year survival rates in the three groups were 53.7％,72.5％ and 75.0％,respectively;two-year survival rates in the three groups were 20.0％,37.5％ and 40.0％,respectively.One-year,two-year survival rates in the Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were significantly higher than those in the icotinib hydrochloride group (P ＜ 0.05).Myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) subsets' increases (d8week-d1) in the Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were significantly higher than that in the icotinib hydrochloride group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significance in plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) subsets' change among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).Changes of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),cytokeratin-19-fragment (CYFRA21-1),neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were higher than those in the icotinib hydrochloride group (P ＜ 0.05).Treatment costs in the Aiyu Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group and Fufang Banmao Capsules + icotinib hydrochloride group were significantly lower than that in the icotinib hydrochloride group (P ＜ 0.05).No obvious statistical difference in adverse events was found among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION The curative effects and cost-effectiveness of Aiyu Capsules or Fufang Banmao Capsules combined with icotinib hydrochloride are better than those of icotinib hydrochloride alone in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.

A series of novel 4-substituted-3-nitrobenzamide derivatives were designed and synthesized. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and element analysis. Anti-tumor activities against HCT-116, MDA-MB435 and HL-60 cell lines in vitro were evaluated by SRB assay. The results indicated most of the target compounds exhibited potent anti-tumor activity. Compound 4a showed the most potent inhibitory activities against three cancer cell lines with the GI50 values of 1.904-2.111 micromol x L(-1). Compounds 4g, 41-4n exhibited more potent inhibitory activities against MDA-MB435 and HL-60 cell lines with the GI50 values of 1.008-3.586 micromol x L(-1) and 1.993-3.778 micromol x L(-1), respectively. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds is discussed preliminarily.
Antineoplastic Agents ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Benzamides ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Drug Design ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Objective To observe the effects of Bushen Yiqi recipe on aging rats′ exercise capacity, morphology and oxidation resis-tance.Methods Male sprague dawley rats were divided into normal group, model group, traditional Chinese medicine group, methandienone group.The rats in the latter three group were received a subcutaneous in-jection of 10%D-galactose with 0.1 mg? g -1? d-1 for 10 weeks.The rats in traditional Chinese medicine group and methandienone group were given medicine by gavage .The dosage is adults′7 times of per kilogram of body weight and equivalent dose respectively.The experiment were las-ted for 10 weeks.Then rats′exercise capacity were tested by treadmill. The Morphological structure of the skeletal muscle were observed by elec-tron microscope.Rats′advanced glycosylated end products( AGEs) were tested by Elisa method.Rats′superoxidedismutase ( SOD) and malondi-aldehyde ( MDA) content in blood serum were tested by spectrophotome-try.Results Compared with normal group, the rats′exercise capacity, the mitochondria number and volume of rats′skeletal muscle, the serum SOD activity, the thymus index and spleen index in model group dropped significantly.The serum AGEs and MDA content increased significant-ly.Compared with model group, the exercise capacity, the mitochondria number and volume of rats′skeletal muscle, the thymus index in traditional Chinese medicine group and methandienone group inceased obviously.The serum MDA content decreased obviously.Conclusion Bushen Yiqi recipe can slow the aging progress of skeletal muscle through improving the model rats′degenerative changes of the above-mentioned indexes.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Shugan Jianpi Recipe (SJR) on LXRα/FAS signaling pathway mediated hepatocyte fatty deposits in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rats.

METHODSTotally 75 SPF grade male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the model group, the Shugan Recipe (SR) treatment groups, the Jianpi Recipe (JR) treatment group, and the SJR group. Except rats in the normal control group, the NAFLD rat model was duplicated using high fat diet (HFD). SR (Chaihu Shugan Powder) was administered to rats in the SR group. JR (Shenlin Baizhu Powder) was administered to rats in the JR group. SJR (Chaihu Shugan Powder plus Shenlin Baizhu Powder) was administered to rats in the SJR group. Changes of liver fat were analyzed using automatic biochemical analyzer. Liver cells were separated by low-speed centrifugation. Their activities and purities were identify using Typan blue and flow cytometry (FCM). Expression levels of LXRα and FAS mRNA in hepatocytes detected by Real-time quantitative PCR. Expression levels of LXRα and FAS protein were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS(1) Pathological results showed in the model group, hepatocytes were swollen with nucleus locating at the cell edge after oil red O staining; unequal sized small vacuoles could be seen inside cytoplasm. Some small vacuoles merged big vacuoles. All these indi- cated a NAFLD rat model was successfully established by high fat diet. Pathological structural changes could be impaired to some degree in all medicated groups, especially in the SR group. (2) Compared with the normal control group, expression levels of LXRα and FAS genes and proteins obviously increased in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, their expression levels were obviously down-regulated in the JR group and the SR group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLXRα/FAS signaling pathway was an important signaling pathway for mediating lipid metabolism disorders of NAFLD rats. SJR could make hepatocyte fatty deposits tend to repair by adjusting the LXRα/FAS signaling pathway in NAFLD rats, which might be one of important mechanisms for SJR to prevent and cure NAFLD.

Animals ; Diet, High-Fat ; Down-Regulation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hepatocytes ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; metabolism ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; fas Receptor ; metabolism

A series of [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]isoindolone derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases (AChE). Furthermore, their effects on memory impairment of mice induced by scopolamine were investigated with step-through test. The results suggested that most of the target compounds exhibited potential inhibition on AChE with IC50 values at micromolar range. Compounds I1 (IC50 value of 0.086 μmol · L(-1)) and I2 (IC50 value of 0.080 μmol · L(-1)) showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activity, which are equipotent to donepezil (IC50 value of 0.094 μmol · L(-1)). Moreover, compounds I1-I4 could improve the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice.
Animals ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Dioxoles ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Drug Design ; Indans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Isoindoles ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Memory Disorders ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Piperidines ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes on lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced hepatocyte inflammation of rats and TLR4/p38MAPK signal pathway.

METHODThe hepatocytes of SD rats were cultured and identified in vitro. The medicated serum of soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes was prepared. The hepatocytes were treated with soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes. Then Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in cultural supernatants were assayed by ELISA. The expressions of Toll-Like 4 (TLR4), p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) were detected by Western blot.

RESULTThe rat medicated serum of soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes was extracted for 2-3 mL. The purified rat hepatocytes were 1.5 x 10(8)-2.0 x 10(8). The cell viability was above 95% detected by Typan blue staining. The hepatocytes were identified by immumofluorescence assay. The detection of hepatocyte cultural supernatants: compared with that of the control group, IL-6 and TNF-α expression were increased in the LPS group (P < 0.01). While compared with that of the LPS group, the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased after soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes intervention (P < 0.01). The detection of hepatocyte proteins: compared with that of the control group, the protein expressions of p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK and TLR4 were all increased significantly in the LPS group (P < 0.01). Compared with that of the LPS group, the protein expressions of p38MAPK was decreased significantly in SB239063 group and it was also decreased in the soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes group, but with no significant difference. Compared with that of the LPS group, p38MAPK expression was reduced significantly in the soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes group and the SB239063 (p38MAPK pathway inhibitor) group (P < 0.01). TLR4 protein expression was decreased markedly in the soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes group (P < 0.01) but had no difference between the SB239063 group and the LPS group.

CONCLUSIONThe soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes may regulate hepatocyte inflammatory injury of rats through TLR4/p38MAPK signaling pathway.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; adverse effects ; Liver ; drug effects ; injuries ; metabolism ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Spleen ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; genetics ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is very common in both new drug development and clinic practice. Various drugs can induce kidney injuries, including tubulointerstitial, glomerular and renal vascular disease. To investigate the mechanism of drug induced nephrotoxicity is important for risk reduction of new drug development, reasonable drug usage, early discovery and effective prevention/treatment of adverse effects in clinics.
Acute Kidney Injury ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents ; adverse effects ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; adverse effects ; Kidney Diseases ; chemically induced ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute ; chemically induced ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; chemically induced ; Renal Insufficiency ; chemically induced