Copper ion was necessary for the transcription of all laccase isozyme genes from Trametes sp. AH28-2, with higher concentrations of Cu2+ (1-2 mmol/L) being more favorable to the synthesis of laccase. In the glucose media containing 0.5 mmol/L Cu2+, the laccase activity of the supernate was rather low (44.3 u/L) and had an increase of 60.3% (71.0 u/L) when 4.0 mmol/L o-toluidine was added. Moreover, the activity reached up to 2584 u/L as the glucose was replaced by cellobiose. And Native-PAGE showed that LacA was the main laccase component if fungus was induced by o-toluidine or copper ions. It had been demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR that the regulation of lacA expression, induced by o-toluidine, occurred at the transcriptional level, with the accumulation of mRNA transcripts being accompanied by the increase of laccase activity of the culture fluid. In addition, the structural gene of lacA interrupted by 10 introns was 2110 bp in length and the corresponding cDNA sequence was 1560 bp encoding a 520 aa protein, which had high similarities with other laccases from basidiomycetes. Furthermore, a length of 1881 bp of 5'-terminal sequence of transcription control of lacA, amplified by the improved inverse PCR, contained a TATA box, seven CAAT boxes as well as a number of putative cis-acting elements important for its expression, including five MREs, nine CreA-binding sites, four XREs, two STREs and seven nitrogen factor binding sites. The existence of these elements was well in agreement with the data obtained from Trametes sp. AH28-2 shaken-flask cultures.
5' Untranslated Regions ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Fungal Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Isoenzymes ; Laccase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Trametes ; enzymology ; genetics ; Transcription, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo probe into the effects of familial factors on injury-related behaviors in children.

METHODSInjury-related behaviors and familial factors of 6884 children were investigated with Family Questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist. Multi-nominal logistic regression analysis was performed.

RESULTSThere were 1670 (24.26%) children having serious injury-related behaviors and 3683 (53.50%) children having moderate injury-related behaviors. Factors contributing to children's injury-related behaviors would include punishment or indifference as well as the mode of parents' education; reintegral type of family; the level of parents' cognition on injuries; unfit location of medicine at home and careless attitudes of parents.

CONCLUSIONThere was close relationship between children's injury-related behaviors and familial factors. To avoid injury-related behaviors and to prevent injury occurrence, the importance of familial factors must be stressed.

Child ; Child Behavior ; psychology ; Family ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wounds and Injuries ; etiology ; prevention & control ; psychology