Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinosarcoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Kidney Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Ureteral Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Urologic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Vimentin ; metabolism

Adult ; Cranial Fossa, Middle ; pathology ; Cranial Fossa, Posterior ; pathology ; Female ; Granuloma ; pathology ; Humans ; Mastoid ; pathology

Cancer is considered as one of the major diseases endangering human health in the world, it is urgent to find a safer and more efficient treatment for cancer therapy. Gene therapy with ribonucleic acid (RNA) drugs could regulate the expression of tumor related genes, and exhibit good anti-tumor therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. Based on the differences between tumor tissues and normal tissues in microenvironment signal characteristics such as pH, specific enzyme concentration or redox gradient, various microenvironment responsive nanocarriers had been studied and developed to deliver RNA drugs to tumor tissues and cells, improving the anti-tumor efficacy of RNA drugs and reducing toxic and side effects. This paper reviews the pathophysiological characteristics of tumor microenvironment and various strategies of tumor microenvironment responsive nanocarriers, in order to provide reference for the design of safe and efficient RNA drug delivery system for cancer therapy.

Eleven C21 steroids were isolated from chloroform extract of roots of Cynanchum otophyllumby silica gel, MCI, ODS columns, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analysis as otophylloside B(1), caudatin-3-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (2), caudatin-3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (3), caudatin-3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (4), otophylloside O (5), gagamine-3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (6), sinomarinoside B (7), mucronatosides C (8), wallicoside J (9), stephanoside H (10), and qinyangshengenin-3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (11). Among them, compounds 2-3, and 6-11 were separated from the roots of this plant for the first time.
Cynanchum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Steroids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Male ; Methylprednisolone ; therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia ; pathology ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; complications ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; etiology

Objective: To screen candidate antigen for therapeutic HBV vaccine with a novel adjuvant DC-Chol. Methods: BALB/c mice were injected with DC-Chol liposome and HBsAg prepared from CHO and Yeast respectively. One week later, IL-4, IL-2, IFN-?were measured by ELISA or ELISPOT. Results: The levels of IL-2, IFN-?of HBsAg from Yeast with DC-Chol liposome were 20 and 119 times higher respectively than those of HBsAg from CHO with DC-Chol liposome. ELISPOT assay showed that the counts of spot-forming cells of IL-4 and IFN-?of HBsAg from Yeast with DC-Chol liposome were 2.8 and 46.3 times higher respectively than those of HBsAg from Yeast with Al(OH)3. Conclusion: HBsAg prepared from Yeast together with DC-Chol liposome may be an appropriate candidate for therapeutic HBV vaccine .

Objective To evaluate the effects of ulinastatin preconditioning on protamine-induced pulmonary injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Sixty NYHA class Ⅱ or Ⅲ and ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of sexes,aged 21-59 yr,scheduled for elective cardiac valve replacement under CPB,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =20 each):group control one protamine given via central vein (group C1) ; group control two protamine given via ascending aorta (group C2) ;group ulinastatin preconditioning (group U).Heparin was neutralized with protamine after termination of CPB.Ulinastatin 20 000 U/kg was infused via the central vein at a rate of 500-1000 U· kg-1 · min-1 starting from the time point after tracheal intubation until 10 min before cross-clamping of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava in group U.At 10 min after termination of CPB,protamine 4 mg/kg was infused over 8 min via the right internal jugular vein in groups C1 and U,or via the aortic root in group C2.Blood samples were obtained from the left atrium and right atrium at 5 min before neutralization of heparin with protamine (T1) and 15 min after neutralization of heparin with protamine (T2) for determination of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and platelet (Plt) counts,and plasma concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α).Blood samples were obtained from the left atrium at T1 and T2 for determination of the levels of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-8,CD11b/CD18,C3a,C5a,and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and for blood gas analysis.Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradiant (A-aDO2),respiratory index (RI) and oxygenation index (OI) were calculated.Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was recorded.Results Plt and PMN counts in the blood obtained from the left atrium were significantly lower,and plasma TXB2 concentrations in the blood obtained from the left atrium were higher at T2 in group C1,and the plasma 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations and SOD activity in the blood obtained from the left atrium were higher at T2 in groups C2 and U than those in the blood obtained from the right atrium (P ＜0.05).Compared with group C1,Plt and PMN counts and plasma 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were significantly increased,the levels of plasma TXB2,TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α,TNF-α,IL-1,IL-8,C3a,C5a and MDA were decreased,CD11b/CD18 expression was down-regulated,PAP,A-aDO2 and RI were decreased,and OI was increased at T2 in C2 and U groups (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the parameters mentioned above between groups C2 and U (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Ulinastatin preconditioning can inhibit protamine-induced pulmonary injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB,and the effect is similar to that of protamine administered via the aorta.

Objective:To study the cytocompatibility of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy coated by micro-arc oxidation.Methods:Components of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy coated by micro-arc oxidation in three different voltages of 300 V,350 V and 400 V,Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy as cast condition and TI6Al4V alloy were made for the test.The water extracted from the components were obtained according to national standard.The L929 cells were cultivated in vitro in the extracts of these components separately.The L929 cells,cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10 ％ fetal calf serum,served as the negative control group.And cells,cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10 ％ fetal calf serum and 64 g/L phenol,served as the positive control group.The cytocompatibility of these components were evaluated by MTT colorimetric.Results:The cytotoxicity of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy coated by micro-arc oxidation is 0 grade.Microscopy showed that the morphology of L929 cells,cultured in the extracts of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy coated by micro-arc oxidation were normal.There were no significant differences between micro-arc oxidationt and negative control groups.The cell multiplication curves of micro-arc oxidation and negative control groups were nearly overlapping and in the linearity increasing trend.The OD in micro-arc oxidation groups had no significant differences with negative control group (P＞0.05),but were higher than that of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy as cast condition,TI6Al4V alloy and positive control groups (P＜0.05).Conclusions:The cytocompatibility of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy has been improved by micro-arc oxidation technique.

Objective To investigate the role of a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR), a receptor-channel complex, in the neurotoxicity secondary to brain injury and explore its mechanism of action. Methods The animal model of brain injury was established in rats by free-fall metal and the treatment model was induced by injecting AP5 into the lateral ventricle. NMDAR1 mRNA expression levels after brain injury were determined by in situ hybridization. Result NMDAR1 mRNA expression increased significantly at 15 min, utmostly lowered at 72 h and returned to the normal level at 168 h after brain injury. In response to AP5 treatment, NMDAR1 mRNA expression in the treatment group was lower than that in the injured group at 15 min and recovered the normal level at 72 h after brain injury. Conclusion Excessive expression of NMDAR1 mRNA might be involved in the secondary cerebral impairerment after brain injury and the treatment with AP5, a competitive antagonist of NMDAR1, functions to offer neuroprotection.

Objective To investigate the role of a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR), a receptor-channel complex, in the neurotoxicity secondary to brain injury and explore its mechanism of action. Methods The animal model of brain injury was established in rats by free-fall metal and the treatment model was induced by injecting AP5 into the lateral ventricle. NMDAR1 mRNA expression levels after brain injury were determined by in situ hybridization. Result NMDAR1 mRNA expression increased significantly at 15 min, utmostly lowered at 72 h and returned to the normal level at 168 h after brain injury. In response to AP5 treatment, NMDAR1 mRNA expression in the treatment group was lower than that in the injured group at 15 min and recovered the normal level at 72 h after brain injury. Conclusion Excessive expression of NMDAR1 mRNA might be involved in the secondary cerebral impairerment after brain injury and the treatment with AP5, a competitive antagonist of NMDAR1, functions to offer neuroprotection.