“Hygiene hypothesis” may be the reason for the increased incidence of childhood asthma in recent years.A large number of clinical studies indicate that,probiotics,which play a positive role in the digestive system diseases,can prevent and treat children atopic dermatitis as well as food allergies,but the conclusions of prevention and treatment of asthma have been inconsistent.More and more of the animal experiments show that probiotics have benefical effects in the prevention or therapy of asthma,its mechanism is still in the exploration,probiotics such as lactobacillus will provide a new clinical thought for the prevention and treatment of childhood asthma in the future.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist can relieve damage of neuron and protect nerve. Aminoglutaric acid can induce exitotoxicity through activating some kinds of aminoglutaric acid receptor, at the same time, can protect nerve through some receptors. But the relationship between them was unclear during the process of cerebral ischemia reperfusion.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of neuroprotective actions of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on hippocampal neurons, and the relationship between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 within the process of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury.DESIGN: Completed randomized controlled study.SETTING: State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Medicine & Life, Jianghan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Science from May 2004 to January 2005. Totally 32 well-being pure breed male Wistar rats were selected.METHODS: Totally 32 rats were divided into four groups by method of the simple random sampling: normal group (n=8) received no surgical treatment, sham operated group (n=8) subjected to only dorsal and ventral neck midline incisions and gently dissection of the bilateral common carotid arteries free of surrounding nerve fibers without occlusion of the both vertebral arteries and common carotid arteries, saline group (n=8) suffered from the permanently occlusion of the both vertebral arteries by electrocauterization and transient (20 minutes) occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries respectively, and received the treatment of a 2 μL normal saline injection into right lateral ventricle at the rate of 0.4 μL/minute following a needle withdrawal within 5 minutes, and experiment group (n=8) offered the same procedure of the saline group but for that the equivalent amount of rhIL-1ra took the place of normal saline into the lateral ventricle. Hematein-eosin staining was applied to observe pathological changes and immunohistochemistry (ABC) was used to survey the IR of mGluR5 varieties of the hippocampal neurons.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Basic pathological changes of hip pocampus and cerebral cortex; ② mGluR5 immunoreactivity (IR) of hippocampus, the sensitive area to cerebral ischemia.RESULTS: Two rats were excluded from the experiment on account of their convulsion during reperfusion (one of the experiment group, another of the saline group), data of 30 rats was entered final analysis. ①Basic pathological changes of hippocampus and cerebral cortex: The Hemateineosin (H.E) staining showed that there is little pathological discrepancy between the normal group and the sham operated group, apparent neuronal degeneration such as peripheral edema around neurons, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and so onin the hippocampus and cortex of the rats of the saline group compared with those of the previous groups, and also the pronounced lower degree of neuronal degenerationin the rats of the experiment group.② mGluR5 immunoreactivity (IR) of hippocampus, the sensitive area to cerebral ischemia (absorbency): The immunohistochemistry presented that the mGluR5 immunoreactivity (IR) of CA1, CA3 areas of the normal group and sham group rats was strong positive (CA1: 0.54±0.12, 0.54±0.05; CA3:0.57±0.02, 0.58±0.08;P ＞ 0.05) Compared with of the normal group and sham group, the mGluR5 IR of the saline and the experiment groups reduced apparently (CA1: 0.30±0.03, 0.40±0.04; CA3: 0.30±0.04, 0.42±0.06;P ＜ 0.01), but the mGluR5 IR of the experiment group was quite stronger than that of the saline one (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: IL-1ra, one member of the Interleukin-1 family (system)of the cytokines, and mGluR5, one subtype of the metabotropic glutamate receptors were both involved in the pathophysiological process of the global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of the rat. Also, as the antagonist of the proimflammatory medium intetleukin-1 receptor, IL-1ra may show neuroprotection by affecting the mGluR5 expression of the CA1 and CA3 areas of the rat hippocampus within the process of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Furthermore, here it demonstrated that besides IL-1ra, other factors might regulate the expression of mGluR5.

Moyamoya disease is a chronic progressive cerebrovascular disease. Its main manifestation is bilateral internal carotid artery progressive stenosis w ith abnormal vascular netw ork formation of the compensatory hyperplasia in brain base. The pathological mechanism of moyamoya disease is not clear. Grow ing evidence has suggested that immune inflammation may play an important role in its occurrence and development process. Abnormal expression of various inflammatory cytokines and immune proteins can be observed in patients w ith moyamoya disease. This article review s the possible mechanism of immune inflammation in moyamoya disease in recent years.

Objective To invstigate the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on asthma Balb/c mouse in IgE,IL-4 and IFN-γ of serum and lung tissue homogenates.Methods Thirty female Balb/c mice weighing 16-18 g (4 weeks old), SPF grade, were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (N), asthma group(A), asthma combined Lactobacillus salivarius group (AH).Acute asthma model was established by ovalbumin challenge method, mice were observed in behavioral changes, non-invasive method for the determination of airway responsiveness in mice, the changes in airway inflammation and the number changes of tracheal cilia were observed by pathological HE staining and the electron microscope.Respectively, the levels of IgE and IL-4/IFN-γin the serum and lung tissue homogenate were measured by ELISA.Results five ～ ten min after 4％ OVA saline solution atomization excitation mice in A group appeared obvious restlessness, head and facial itching, scratching, shortness of breath, perioral cyanosis with abdominal breathing, sneezing, stooping, forelimbs shrinkage, urine and feces incontinence and other asthma acute phase performances, The above reaction alleviated in AH group compared to A group;Pathology of HE staining in asthma group showed the thickening bronchial wall, narrow lumen, peribronchial and perivascular infiltration with a large number of eosinophil-based inflammatory cells,lumen with many inflannatory secretions,Pathological changes in lung tissue of mice in AH group significantly alleviated compared with asthma group;Under the electron microscope, the number of cilia in A group significantly decreased compared with N group, while AH group significantly increased compared with A group;Expression level of IgE,IL-4 in the serum and lung homogenate of A group was significantly higher than that of N group (P ＜ 0.05), the level of IFN-γexpression was significantly lower than N group (P ＜ 0.05), however the expression level of IgE, IL-4 in AH group significantly decreased compared with A group (P ＜ 0.05), and IFN-γexpression level elevated compared with A group(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Lavage with Lactobacillus salivarius before sensitization could alleviate clinical symptoms of asthmatic mice, partially correct Th1/Th2 imbalance as well as reduce airway infammafion.

Objective To explore the influence of Lactobacillus salivarius on IgE,eosinophil cationic protein(ECP)and transforming growth factor(TGF)-βof serum and lung tissue homogenates of asthmic Balb/c mouse.Methods Thirty female Balb/c mice weighing 16-18 g(4 weeks old),SPF grade,were ran-domly divided into three groups:normal control group(group A),asthma group(group B),asthma combined Lactobacillus salivarius group(group C).Acute asthma model was established applying ovalbumin,behavioral changes were observed in mice,the changes in airway inflammation and the number changes of tracheal cilia were observed by pathological HE staining and the electron microscope respectively.The levels of IgE,ECP and TGF-βin the serum and lung tissue homogenate were measured by ELISA method.Results (1 )The mice in group B presented obvious restlessness,head and facial itching,scratching,shortness of breath,peri-oral cyanosis with abdominal breathing,sneezing,stooping,forelimbs shrinkage,urine and feces incontinence and other asthma acute phase performances in 5-1 0 minuts after 4% ovalbumin saline solution atomization excitation,the above reaction alleviated in group C compared to group B.(2)Pathology of HE staining in group B showed the thickening bronchial wall,narrow lumen,peribronchial and perivascular infiltration with a large number of eosinophil-based inflammatory cells,lumen with many inflammatory secretions,pathological changes in lung tissue of mice in group C significantly alleviated compared with group B.Under the electron microscope,the number of cilia in group B significantly decreased compared with group A,while group C significantly increased compared with group B.(3)Expression levels of serum IgE and ECP in group C were sig-nificantly lower than those in group B[(0.86 ±0.14)μg/ml vs.(1.30 ±0.12)μg/ml;(2.30 ±0.15)ng/ml vs.(3.41 ±0.15)ng/ml,P <0.05,respectively].The contents of lung tissue homogenate IgE[(0.97 ± 0.06)μg/ml]and ECP[(5.88 ±0.13)ng/ml]in group C significantly decreased,respectively,compared with the IgE[(1.13 ±0.05)μg/ml]and ECP[(8.08 ±0.15)ng/ml]in group B(P<0.05).The levels of serum TGF-β[(0.17 ±0.01 )μg/ml]and lung tissue homogenates TGF-β[(0.18 ±0.01 )μg/ml]in group C were higher than the serum TGF-β[(0.13 ±0.01 )μg/ml]and lung tissue homogenates TGF-β[(0.15 ±0.01 )μg/ml]in group B,respectively,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05 ). Conclusion Lavage with Lactobacillus salivarius before sensitization could alleviate clinical symptoms of asthmatic mice,as well as reduce airway inflammation in some degree,TGF-βmay be involved in the mecha-nism of Lactobacillus salivarius playing a protective role.

High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a typical nonhistone chromosomal protein. It has many celular functions in nucleus. Studies in recent years have showed that HMGB1 can be released to the outside of cels to exert a wide range of cytological effects. Ischemic stroke is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and disability. More and more evidence has shown that HMGB1 plays a variety of important roles in the occurrence and development process of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the roles of HMGB1 in ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and disability.Hypertension is recognized as the most important independent risk factor for ischemic stroke.Vascular remodeling during the development of hypertension is the pathological basis of causing ischemic stroke.Studies have shown that vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis will lead to vascular remodeling.In addition,cerebral ischemia-reperfusion can result in neuronal damage and apoptosis.Recent research has shown that vascular remodeling and neuronal apoptosis are associated with chloride channels.At least 3 chloride channels including volume regulated chloride channel,calcium activated chloride channel and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator are involved in these processes.This article reviews the roles of the 3 chloride channels in vascular remodeling,neuronal apoptosis,and ischemic stroke.

TPX2(targeting protein for Xklp2)is a microtubule-associated protein in a new family of vertebrate spindle pole components.TPX2 is diffusely distributed all over the nucleus during the cell cycle phases S and G_2 and play important roles in mitotic spindle formation.TPX2 over expression was found in a variety of malignant tumors,that are asssociated with the centrosome amplification,aneuploidy,cell transfor- mation and the biological behavior of tumor.Blocking the expression of TPX2 can inhibit the growth of tumor cells.TPX2 may serve as a new candidate target for tumor therapy.The study progress of its structure and function,expression levels in cell cycle,molecular mechanism etc.was reviewed.

Response surface analysis (uniform precision of central composite design, SAS 9.1.3 software) was applied to optimize the four major factors (ratio of soybean meal to water, enzyme quantity, fermentation time and inoculation quantity) for soybean meal solid fermentation. According to the change of the hydrolyzation degree of soybean protein, the equation of polynomial regression was established between those factors and the response. The result showed that the optimum condition included as follows: ratio of soybean meal to water 1∶1.00,enzyme quantity 2.55%, fermentation time 65h and inoculation quantity 1.00%. Under the optimum level, the degree of hydrolyzation reached 13.3%, which increased 56% over pre-optimization.

Characters of one Candida intermedia yeast strain which isolated from nature can produce ethanol from xylose-fermenting been systemic studied. In conditions 28?C, 120 r/min, 72 h, it can produce 6.480 g/L ethanol from 7% xylose and 43.70% theoretical production of ethanol from 3% xylose. It can produce up to 21.225 g/L ethanol when incubation time prolong to 156 h from 8% xylose. It also can ferment 13% glucose produce 47.647 g/L ethanol and reach 76.90% of theoretical ethanol production, respectively. Compared to CK, ethanol productivity can be improved 9.91% when add 8% xylose in three times as 3%, 2% and 3%, respectively. Glucose can be first utilized in the mixture sugar medium. When the ratio of xylose vs. glucose is 3:1in mixture sugar, the productivity of ethanol can be improving 25%.