OBJECTIVE: To analyze epidemiological characteristics of road traffic accidents that resulted in injuries in Chengdu area, to find out the cause and to provide scientific a base for accident prevention. METHODS: Appraisal data of the injured in road traffic accident from January 2003 to October 2006 were re-examined. Detailed statistics were made which include gender, age, transportation mode, person types, the accident date and day, and location. RESULTS: Six thousand three hundred and sixty four cases involving road traffic accident were analyzed. Among the injured, male to female ratio was 1.84:1, and the age group of 18-50 were the largest proportion (66.34%). Bicyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians made up 80.90% of the injured persons. Different age groups, different genders and those who were injured in different regions varied greatly in terms of transport modes they employed. In terms of injured parts, lower limb injury took up the highest proportion (39.49%), with cranium & cerebrum ranking second (22.77%). CONCLUSION Different approaches and measures shall be taken in regard to different age groups, different regions, different times and different transport modes, and corresponding policies shall be adopted.
Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data* ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lower Extremity/injuries* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Vehicles/statistics & numerical data* ; Multiple Trauma/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Time Factors ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To study the types, characteristics and common complications as well as disability assessment for the children with craniocerebral injury in the road traffic accidents. METHODS: Data from 204 cases of children with cranio-injury in road traffic accidents were collected and were statistically analyzed according to the location injured, complication, the type of complication and the severity of disability. RESULTS: There were 64 cases of simple diffuse primary craniocerebral injury, 80 cases of simple local primary cranio-injury, 24 cases of diffuse secondary craniocerebral injury and 36 cases of local secondary cranio-injury. The main complications included traumatic epilepsy (14, 6.9%), traumatic cerebral infarction (9, 4.4%), traumatic hydrocephalus (7, 3.4%) and traumatic mental disorder (5, 2.5%). CONCLUSION Among the children with cranio-injury due to road traffic accidents, simple primary cranio-injury was the most common result, whereas the traumatic epilepsy and traumatic cerebral infarction were the major types of complications. The assessment criteria for body impairment of the children with craniocerebral injury in the road traffic accidents should be broadened accordingly, with addition of certain specific items for children.
Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data* ; Adolescent ; Cerebral Infarction/etiology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Craniocerebral Trauma/pathology* ; Disability Evaluation ; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic/etiology* ; Female ; Forensic Pathology ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus/etiology* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo identify factors that can effectively predict the efficacy of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

METHODSFrom January 2007 to September 2012, 78 patients with ITP underwent laparoscopic splenectomy were retrospectively analyzed. According to the postoperative platelet (PLT) count and haemorrhagic manifestations, they were divided into effective group and ineffective group. Nine influencing factors were univariate analyzed and multivariate analyzed.

RESULTSIn effective group (65 cases) and ineffective group (13 cases), average PLT count of 1 day before surgery was 47×10(9)/L vs. 21×10(9)/L, average operative time was (166 ± 46) minutes vs. (139 ± 29) minutes. Univariate analysis result: PLT count of 1 day before surgery (Z = -2.776, P = 0.005) and operative time (t = 2.723, P = 0.011) was statistically significant in 2 groups, the rest factors did not significantly influence the result. Multivariate analysis revealed that only PLT count of 1 day before surgery was statistically significant (OR = 0.964, 95%CI: 0.932-0.997, P = 0.031) in 2 groups, but operative time (P = 0.051) was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONSPLT count of 1 day before surgery is a predict factor in LS for ITP. Because of the limited sample number, further multi-center prospective study with large sample is warrant.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Splenectomy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo express St. Louis encephalitis virus-like particles in mammalian cells, it will provide a prerequisite for further immunological diagnostic studies.

METHODS293T-cell were transiently transfected with recombinant PreM-E plasmid. Expression and antigenicity of the purified protein were determined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Western-Blot, immunofluorescence assay and ELISA.

RESULTSRecombinant subviral particles, about 50 nm in diameter, were observed by TEM in the supernatant of transfected cells. The results of Western-Blot, IFA and ELISA showed the recombinant proteins retained immunoreactivity similar to those of native virus proteins.

CONCLUSIONSt. Louis encephalitis virus-like particles has good antigenicity and physical appearance. It will provide a prerequisite for further immune diagnostic reagent.

Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis ; immunology ; Encephalitis, St. Louis ; diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Transfection ; Virion ; immunology ; isolation & purification

Objective To investigate the effect of CYP46A1 on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Methods Recombinant lentiviral vectors which including anthropogenic CYP46A1 were injected into bilateral hippocampus of 3-monthold male 5XFAD transgenic mice,while empty vectors were injected into the corresponding position of the control group.After two months,the ability of learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze and T maze experiments,and amyloid plaque and inflammatory infiltration in the brain were detected by immunohistochemical staining and ELISA respectively.Results Compared with the control group,CYP46A1 virus injection significantly increased the CYP46A1 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus.In addition,CYP46A1 overexpression significantly decreased the latency to find the platform in Morris water maze test and increased the correct rate to choose in T maze test.Aβ immunohistochemical staining and plaques area statistics demonstrated that the amyloid plaque area of hippocampus in CYP46A1 overexpression mice was significantly reduced,and there was a significantly decrease of hippocampal astrocytes expression by means of GFAP staining.Furthermore,hippocampal CYP46A1 overexpression significantly decreased the expression level of Aβ40,Aβ42,IL-1β and TNF-α,while compare with the control group.Conclusion CYP46A1 overexpression in hippocampus can promote the cognitive impairment,as well as ameliorate the brain inflammatory infiltration in 5XFAD transgenic mice,suggesting that CYP46A1 has anti-Alzheimer's disease like effects.

Objective To investigate the degrees of injury severity of sepsis models made by different kinds of Escherichia coli. Methods The 152 mice were randomly divided into control group, DH5α group, 44102 group, and 25922 group, with 38 rats in each group. DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group were intraperitoneally injected with 300 μL of Escherichia coli DH5α, 44102 and 25922 at the concentration of 1.0 × 109CFU/kg to prepare sepsis models of different kinds of Escherichia coli. Control group was injected intraperitoneally with the same amount of normal saline. (1) After 8 h, four mice were taken from each group for peripheral blood bacterial culture . (2) After 12 h, ten mice in each group were used for measuring serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (3) Western blot assay was used to determine the serum levels of high-mobility group protein (HMGB1) in four mice of each group. (4) Ten mice in each group were used to measure serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) by automatic biochemical analyzer. (5) After liver, lung and kidney tissues were fixed with formaldehyde, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed (n=10 for each group). Results In DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group, bacteria, inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 protein, liver and kidney indicators ALT, AST, CR and BUN showed a sequential increasing trend (P＜0.01). The severe degrees of alveolar structure damage, hepatic cell infiltration and renal glomerular atrophy were DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group in turn. There were no obvious damages of lung, liver or kidney tissues in control group. Conclusion Escherichia coli 25922 induces severe sepsis injury and can be used to study the animal models of the initial inflammatory phase of sepsis. Escherichia coli 44102 induces moderate damage of sepsis and can be used in animal models that do not require definitive sepsis staging experiments. Escherichia coli DH5α induces less damage of sepsis and can be used to explore immunosuppressive therapy of the animal model of sepsis.

The cyclotides are a family of cyclic "mini" proteins that occur in Violaceae, Rubiaceae and Cucurbitaceae plant families and contain a head-to-tail cyclic backbone and a cystine knot arranged by three disulfide bonds. To study the natural cyclotides of V tianshanica, dried herb was extracted with 50% ethanol, and the concentrated aqueous extract was subjected to a solvent-solvent partitioning between water and hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, separately. The n-butanol extract containing cyclotides was subjected to column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, eluted with 30% methanol. The subfractions were directly reduced by DTT and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. The peaks with different retention times were shown on the profile of RP-HPLC and collected. The cyclotides were speculated based on masses range from 3 000 to 3 500 Da. The purified cyclotides were reduced with DTT, alkylated with iodoacetamide, and then were cleaved with endoproteinase Glu-C, endoproteinase Lys-C and Trypsin, separately. The digested peptides were purified on RP-HPLC and analyzed on MALDI TOF/TOF analyzer. A new cyclotide, cycloviolacin T1 and a reported cyclotide varv E were systemically determined using MALDI TOF/TOF system. So the method for the isolation and characterization of cyclotides was quickly built up in succession.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclotides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Viola ; chemistry

Macrophages are natural immune cells with strong plasticity. The polarization of macrophages mainly responds to stimuli in the microenvironment by changing their phenotype and related functions. In recent years， studies have found that the polarization of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases such as bone arthritis， skin diseases， diabetes， coronary heart disease， breast cancer， colorectal cancer， and lung cancer， especially the metastasis of malignancies and drug resistance， through multiple signaling pathways， including nuclear factor kappa-B（NF-κB）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）， protein kinase B （Akt）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 （STAT6）， Wnt/β-catenin， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and regulatory factors， such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （GM-CSF）， interleukin （IL）-4， IL-10， transforming growth factor （TGF）-β， tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α， and interferon-γ（IFN-γ）. Chinese medicine is also pivotal in the prevention and treatment of malignancies. In recent years， therefore， the specific anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine and its active ingredients has become a research hotspot. The tumor microenvironment is crucial to the occurrence and development of tumors. The polarization of tumor-associated macrophages is involved in the proliferation， apoptosis， and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore， targeted regulation of the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages is a potential target for clinical treatment of malignancies. Based on the research articles published in the past three years， this article reviewed macrophage polarization and the anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine from four perspectives， i.e.， macrophage polarization， related pathways and regulatory factors of macrophage polarization， macrophage polarization and breast cancer， colorectal cancer， and lung cancer， and macrophage polarization and anti-tumor effects of Chinese medicine， active ingredients of Chinese medicine， and self-formulated prescriptions/classic prescriptions. This study is expected to provide certain ideas for the clinical treatment， basic research， and development of new Chinese medicine in the treatment of tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the forensic identification points of deaths caused by secondary damages of road traffic accidents. METHODS: Seventeen deaths caused by secondary damages of road traffic accidents were collected. Through scene investigation and necropsy, the basic information of the accidents, distribution and property of the injuries, and other information were collected. According to the collected data, the scene was reconstructed in order to confirm the injury process, analyze the way, mechanism and severity of injury, distinguish antemortem injury from postmortem injury, and determine the cause of deaths. RESULTS: Certain features such as serious injuries, multiple traumas, combined injuries, co-existence of antemortem and postmortem injuries, multiple causes of wounds, complex injury mechanism, as well as the mutual damaging and overlapping injuries were quite characteristically noted in these secondary traffic accident cases. CONCLUSION Forensic assessment of deaths caused by secondary damages of road traffic accidents should be synthetically analyzed and judged through scene investigation and necropsy.
Accidents, Traffic/mortality* ; Adult ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Trauma Severity Indices ; Wounds and Injuries/pathology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo probe into clinical value of comprehensive program of acupuncture, moxibustion and massage as main for treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the nerve root type.

METHODSFive centers, single blind, randomized controlled method were used, 660 cases were divided into a treatment group of 317 cases and a control group of 311 cases. They were treated respectively with comprehensive program of acupuncture, moxibustion and massage as main, and comprehensive program of physical therapy as main. Establish syndrome detection scale and multiply dimensional effect assessment indexes, and evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety.

RESULTSThe cured rate, the cured-markedly effective rate were 42.9%, 64.4% in the treatment group, respectively, better than 16.7%, 36.3% in the control group (P<0.01); after treatment of 2 weeks, clinical symptoms improved in the both groups, but the treatment group was better than the control group in the improvement degrees of neck-shoulder-limb pain, neck rigidity, abnormality of cervical anteflexion, etc. (P<0.01 or P<0.05); the treatment group was shorter than the control group in the time of producing the effect and therapeutic course (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONComprehensive program of acupuncture, moxibustion and massage as main is safe and effective for treatment of cervical spondylopathy, with a better therapeutic effect compared with the comprehensive program of physical therapy.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Massage ; Moxibustion ; Single-Blind Method ; Spinal Diseases