This study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on NAFLD in MSG-IR mice and to provide mechanism insights into its therapeutic effect. The MSG-IR mice with insulin resistance were treated with high dose (0.1 micromol.kg-1d-1) and low dose (0.025 micromol.kg-1d-1) of FGF21 once a day for 5 weeks. Body weight was measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, serum lipids, insulin and aminotransferases were measured. Hepatic steatosis was observed. The expression of key genes regulating energy metabolism were detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that after 5 weeks treatment, both doses of FGF21 reduced body weight (P<0.01), corrected dyslipidemia (P<0.01), reversed steatosis and restored the liver morphology in the MSG model mice and significantly ameliorated insulin resistance. Additionally, real-time PCR showed that FGF21 significantly reduced transcription levels of fat synthetic genes, decreased fat synthesis and promoted lipolysis and energy metabolism by up-regulating key genes of lipolysis, thereby liver fat accumulation was reduced and liver function was restored to normal levels. In conclusion, FGF21 significantly reduces body weight of the MSG-IR mice, ameliorates insulin resistance, reverses hepatic steatosis. These findings provide a theoretical support for clinical application of FGF21 as a novel therapeutics for treatment of NAFLD.
Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Dyslipidemias ; metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; drug effects ; Fatty Liver ; chemically induced ; complications ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipolysis ; drug effects ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; drug therapy ; Sodium Glutamate

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether S. aureus could activate NF-κB signaling pathway in human osteoblasts.

METHODSImmunoblot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay were used to detect the degradation of I-κBα and activation of NF-κB in human osteoblasts following infection with S.aureus, respectively, and there were investigated the activated state of NF-κB signaling pathway in human osteoblasts. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the secretion of IL-6 in culture supernatants, which was represented as one of important cytokines in osteomyelitis, and an inhibitor of NF-κB, SN50, which was added to human osteoblasts culture prior to 1 hour at 50 µmol/L before the infection of S.aureus, was used to determine whether S.aureus-activated NF-κB signaling pathway regulates IL-6 secretion of human osteoblasts.

RESULTSS.aureus could induce the degradation of I-κBα (I-κBα(15 min)/I-κBα(0 min) = 0.409 ± 0.245 and I-κBα(30 min)/I-κBα(0 min) = 0.061 ± 0.010) and activation of NF-κB in human osteoblasts in a time and dose-dependent manner following infection. In addition, the secretion of IL-6 in the supernatants of human osteoblasts ((2.17 ± 0.11) µg/L) was suppressed by 50 µmol/L SN50 compared to without the addition of SN50 ((3.58 ± 0.31) µg/L) (F = 174.25, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSS.aureus could activate NF-κB signaling pathway in human osteoblasts, which could regulate cytokines secretions of human osteoblasts.

Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; secretion ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Osteoblasts ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Staphylococcal Infections ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the causes of orchiectomy in different age groups.

METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical data about 291 cases of orchiectomy performed between March 1993 and October 2014 and analyzed the causes of surgery and their distribution in different age groups.

RESULTSThe main causes of orchiectomy were testicular torsion (45.8%), cryptorchidism (32.5%) and testicular tumor (16.9%) in the patients aged 0-25 years, testicular tumor (42.4%), cryptorchidism (25.9%) and tuberculosis (10.6%) in those aged 26-50 years. Prostate cancer was the leading cause in those aged 51-75 years (77.6%) or older (84.0%)), and testicular tumor was another cause in the 51-75 years old men (10.2%). Prostate cancer, testicular tumor, cryptorchidism, and testicular torsion were the first four causes of orchiectomy between 1993 and 2009. From 2010 to 2014, however, testicular tumor rose to the top while prostate cancer dropped to the fourth place.

CONCLUSIONThe causes of orchiectomy vary in different age groups. The proportion of castration for prostate cancer patients significantly reduced in the past five years, which might be attributed to the improvement of comprehensive health care service.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Causality ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cryptorchidism ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orchiectomy ; statistics & numerical data ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; surgery ; Testicular Neoplasms ; surgery ; Tuberculosis, Male Genital ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene on androgen-independent prostate cancer DU145 cells in vitro.

METHODSThe iNOS gene was transfected into androgen-independent prostate cancer DU145 cells. The positive cells were selected as the transfected group for amplification, and an empty vector (EV) group and a control group were also set. The mRNA transcription of iNOS was analyzed by RT-PCR. The morphological changes of the cells were observed, the effect of iNOS transfection on the cell growth determined using the MTB method, and the apoptosis of DU145 cells detected by flow cytometry, followed by analysis of the effect of NOS inhibitors on the transfected cells.

RESULTSDU145 cells transfected with iNOS secreted significantly more nitric oxide ([272.50 +/- 15.82] micromol/L) than those of the EV and control groups ([122.00 +/- 18.93] micromol/L and [121.00 +/- 6.98] micromol/L) (P < 0.05). The rate of cell apoptosis was markedly enhanced in the transfected group as compared with the EV and control groups ([42.78 +/- 2.01]% vs [30.65 +/- 1.46]% and [28.96 +/- 1.50]%, P < 0.05). MTP test indicated a slower growth of the DU145 cells in the former than in the latter two (P < 0.05). NOS inhibitors enhanced their growth, but with no significance (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDU145 cells transfected with iNOS could secrete high-concentration nitric oxide, induce cell apoptosis, and suppress cell proliferation, which may provide a potentially effective gene therapy for advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Androgens ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; genetics ; Cell Cycle ; genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Transfection

Previous studies proposed that the synergistic effect of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and insulin may be due to the improvement of insulin sensitivity by FGF-21. However, there is no experimental evidence to support this. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of synergistic effect of FGF-21 and insulin in the regulation of glucose metabolism. The synergistic effect of FGF-21 and insulin on regulating glucose metabolism was demonstrated by investigating the glucose absorption rate by insulin resistance HepG2 cell model and the blood glucose chances in type 2 diabetic db/db mice after treatments with different concentrations of FGF-21 or/and insulin; The synergistic metabolism was revealed through detecting GLUT1 and GLUT4 transcription levels in the liver by real-time PCR method. The experimental results showed that FGF-21 and insulin have a synergistic effect on the regulation of glucose metabolism. The results of real-time PCR showed that the effective dose of FGF-21 could up-regulate the transcription level of GLUT1 in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on the transcription level of GLUT4. Insulin (4 u) alone could up-regulate the transcription level of GLUT4, yet had no effect on that of GLUT1. Ineffective dose 0.1 mg kg(-1) FGF-21 alone could not change the transcription level of GLUT1 or GLUT4. However, when the ineffective dose 0.1 mg x kg(-1) FGF-21 was used in combination with insulin (4 u) significantly increased the transcription levels of both GLUT1 and GLUT4, the transcription level of GLUT1 was similar to that treated with 5 time concentration of FGF-21 alone; the transcription level of GLUT4 is higher than that treated with insulin (4 u) alone. In summary, in the presence of FGF-21, insulin increases the sensitivity of FGF-21 through enhancing GLUT1 transcription. Vice versa, FGF-21 increases the sensitivity of insulin by stimulating GLUT4 transcription in the presence of insulin. FGF-21 and insulin exert a synergistic effect on glucose metabolism through mutual sensitization.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glucose Transporter Type 1 ; metabolism ; Glucose Transporter Type 4 ; metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Insulin ; pharmacology ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; metabolism ; Mice

Insulin is the most common medicine used for diabetic patients, unfortunately, its effective time is short, even the long-acting insulin cannot obtain a satisfactory effect. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a recently discovered glucose mediator and expected to be a potential anti-diabetic drug that does not rely on insulin. In this study, db/db mice were used as the type 2 diabetic model to examine whether mFGF-21 has the long-term blood lowering effect on the animal model. The results showed that mFGF-21 could stably maintain the blood glucose at normal level for a long-term in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of mFGF-21 once a day with three doses (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg x kg(-1)) could maintain blood glucose of the model animals at normal level for at least 24 h. Administration of mFGF-21 every two days with the same doses could maintain blood glucose of the model animals at normal level for at least 48 h, although it took longer time for blood glucose to reach to normal level depending on doses used (twenty injections for 0.125 mg x kg(-1) and 0.25 mg x kg(-1) doses, ten injections for 0.5 mg x kg(-1) dose). Surprisingly, the blood glucose of the treated model animals still maintained at normal level for 24 h after the experiment terminated. Glycosylated hemoglobin level of the animals treated with mFGF-21, which represented long-term glucose status, decreased significantly compared to the control group and the insulin group. The results suggest that FGF-21 has potential to become a long-acting and potent anti-diabetic drug.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Glucose Transporter Type 1 ; metabolism ; Glucose Transporter Type 4 ; metabolism ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice

OBJECTIVETo analyze the possible causes of BPH surgery-related urethral stricture and summarize the experience in its clinical management.

METHODSThe clinical data of 37 cases of BPH surgery-related urethral stricture were analyzed retrospectively. The patients averaged 68.5 years in age, of whom 12 had the history of open surgery, and 25 transurethral surgery. Anterior urethral stricture was found in 6 cases, and posterior urethra in stricture 31. Thirty-five cases were treated by holmium laser urethrotomy (HLU) or a combination of HLU with transurethral resection of the scar in the stenotic segment, and the results were evaluated based on the maximum flow rate (Qmax).

RESULTSTwo cases of full penile urethral stricture were treated by urinary diversion, and all the rest by urethral stricture surgery. Catheters were indwelt in 4 cases of urethral stenosis for 5-7 days post-operatively, and smooth urination was achieved after their removal, with a Qmax of > 15 ml/s. Another 31 cases of membranous urethral stricture received catheter indwelling of 2 -4 weeks and were followed up for 1 - 21 (mean 11. 5) months, of whom 23 experienced satisfactory voiding, with an average Qmax of 14.3 ml/s, and the other 8 poor voiding, with a Qmax of < 8 ml/s.

CONCLUSIONHLU or a combination of HLU with transurethral resection of the scar in the stenotic segment is an effective method for the treatment of BPH surgery-related urethral stricture. And conscientiously performed BPH surgery can reduce the incidence of urethral stricture.

Aged ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Urethra ; Urethral Stricture ; etiology ; prevention & control

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of FGF family. It has been demonstrated that FGF21 is an independent, safe and effective regulator of blood glucose levels in vivo. In order to improve the activity of FGF21, we exchanged the beta10-beta12 domain of the human FGF21 with that of the mouse FGF21 to construct a novel FGF21 gene (named hmFGF21), and then subcloned hmFGF21 gene into the SUMO expression vector to create pSUMO-hmFGF21 and transformed it into E. coli Rosetta for expression of the fusion protein SUMO-hmFGF21. Both in vitro and in vivo glucose regulation activity of hmFGF21 was evaluated. The SDS-PAGE result showed that compared with wild-type hFGF21, the soluble expression of hmFGF21 increased about 2-fold. HmFGF21 was more potent in stimulation of glucose uptake in HepG2 cells in vitro. The results of anti-diabetic effect on db/db mice demonstrated that hmFGF21 had better efficacy on controlling the blood glucose of the db/db diabetic animals than wild-type hFGF21. These results suggest that the biological properties of FGF21 are significantly improved by optimization.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Cysteine Endopeptidases ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; Endopeptidases ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Genetic Vectors ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Transformation, Genetic

This study aims to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) on learning and memory abilities and antioxidant capacity of D-galactose-induced aging mice. Kunming mice (37.1 +/- 0.62) g were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and FGF-21 high, medium and low dose groups (n = 8). Each group was injected in cervical part subcutaneously with D-galactose 180 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) once a day for 8 weeks. At the same time, FGF-21-treated mice were administered with FGF-21 by giving subcutaneous injection in cervical part at the daily doses of 5, 2 and 1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). The normal control group was given with normal saline by subcutaneous injection in cervical part. At seventh week of the experiment, the learning and memory abilities of mice were determined by water maze and jumping stand tests. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and the cells damage of hippocampus was observed by HE staining in each group. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the brain of mice were determined. The results showed that different doses of FGF-21 could reduce the time reaching the end (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and the number of touching blind side (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in the water maze comparing with the model group. It could also prolong the latency time (P < 0.05) and decrease the number of errors (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in the step down test. The result of HE staining showed that FGF-21 could significantly reduce brain cell damage in the hippocampus. The ROS and MDA levels of three different doses FGF-21 treatment group reduced significantly than that of the model group [(5.58 +/- 1.07), (7.78 +/- 1.92), (9.03 +/- 1.77) vs (12.75 +/- 2.02) pmol (DCF) x min(-1) x mg(-1), P < 0.01 or P < 0.05], [(2.92 +/- 0.71), (4.21 +/- 0.81), (4.41 +/- 0.97) vs (5.62 +/- 0.63) nmol x mg(-1) (protein), P < 0.01]. Comparing with the model group, the activities of SOD, GPx, CAT and T-AOC of the three different doses FGF-21 treatment groups were also improved in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates that FGF-21 can ameliorate learning and memory abilities of D-galactose induced aging mice, improve the antioxidant abilities in brain tissue and delay brain aging. This finding provides a theoretical support for clinical application of FGF-21 as a novel therapeutics for preventing aging.
Aging ; drug effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Brain ; drug effects ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; pharmacology ; Galactose ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Mice ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Objective:To explore the effects of hypoxia on traumatic brain swelling (TBS) in rats with acute subdural hematoma (ASDH).Methods:Forty-five SD rats were divided into 5 groups according to the random number table method, with 9 rats in each group: sham surgery normal oxygen group which underwent sham surgical procedures and were placed in a closed container with ventilation, sham surgery hypoxia group which underwent sham surgical procedures and were placed in a closed container with oxygen volume fraction of 8% for hypoxia induction, ASDH normal oxygen group which made into the ASDH model and placed in a closed container with ventilation, ASDH hypoxia group were made into the ASDH models and placed in a closed container with oxygen volume fraction of 8% for hypoxia induction, and ASDH hypoxia+oxygen inhalation group which inhaled oxygen continuously with oxygen volume fraction of 40% after being made into the ASDH models and induced for hypoxia. Six rats were selected from each group immediately after the modeling and craniotomy was performed to observe the brain swelling during the surgery and evaluate the degree of TBS. Microvascular blood flow was observed by laser speckle imaging system before modeling, before craniotomy, and immediately after craniotomy. The remaining 3 rats in each group were killed directly after modeling and brain tissue specimens were collected. The expression levels of pericellular protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) at 0, 30 and 60 minutes after modeling were detected through Western blot analysis. The expression levels of α-SMA, PDGFR-β and microvascular marker platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 31 (CD31) at 0 minute after modeling were tested through immunofluorescent staining.Results:No brain bulge was observed in the sham surgery normal oxygen group. The height of brain bulge in sham surgery hypoxia group was 0.5(0.0, 1.0)mm, with no significant difference from that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group ( P>0.05); it was 2.2(2, 2.5)mm in the ASDH normal oxygen group, significantly higher than that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and sham surgery hypoxia group ( P<0.01), it was 3.1(2.9, 3.2)mm in the ASDH hypoxia group, significantly higher than that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.01); it was 2.8(2.7, 2.9)mm in the ASDH hypoxia+oxygen inhalation group, not statistically different from that in the ASDH hypoxia group ( P>0.05), but significantly increased compared with that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.01). Before modeling, before craniotomy and after craniotomy, the microvascular blood flow was 224.2±49.7, 224.8±50.3, 225.1±50.3 respectively in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and 224.7±43.7, 220.9±45.9, 221.8±45.5 respectively in the sham surgery hypoxia group, with no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05); it was 226.5±52.7, 173.4±40.7, 172.0±40.7 respectively in the ASDH normal oxygen group, significantly decreased compared with that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and sham surgery hypoxia group ( P<0.05); it was 225.7±46.4, 131.4±23.6 and 131.0±23.5 respectively in the ASDH hypoxia group, significantly decreased compared with that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.05); it was 226.2±56.1, 132.6±21.7 and 131.7±21.9 respectively in ASDH hypoxia+oxygen inhalation group, significantly decreased compared with that in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.05), with no significant difference from that in the ASDH hypoxia group ( P>0.05). At 0, 30 and 60 minutes after modeling, the expression levels of α-SMA and PDGFR-β were 0.70±0.02, 0.67±0.01, 0.55±0.05 and 0.65±0.03, 0.56±0.03 and 0.59±0.02 respectively in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and were 0.63±0.04, 0.60±0.01 0.55±0.05 and 0.62±0.01, 0.51±0.01 and 0.60±0.02 respectively in the sham surgery hypoxia group, with no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05); they were 0.88±0.06, 0.87±0.05, 0.82±0.03 and 0.85±0.03, 0.85±0.03, 0.88±0.04 respectively in the ASDH normal oxygen group, significantly higher than those in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and sham surgery hypoxia group ( P<0.01); they were 1.19±0.08, 1.10±0.10, 0.97±0.04 and 1.04±0.06, 1.19±0.07, 1.27±0.08 respectively in the ASDH hypoxia group, significantly higher than those in sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.05 or 0.01); they were 1.20±0.07, 1.10±0.04, 0.96±0.04 and 1.04±0.05, 1.15±0.11, 1.20±0.07 respectively in ASDH hypoxia+oxygen inhalation group, significantly higher than those in sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery normal group and ASDH normal oxygen group ( P<0.01), but with no significant difference from those in ASDH hypoxia group ( P>0.05). At 0 minute after modeling, the fluorescence expression of α-SMA and PDGFR-β was weaker in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and the fluorescence expression of CD31 was stronger. There was no significant difference in the fluorescence expressions of α-SMA, PDGFR-β and CD31 between the sham surgery hypoxia group and sham surgery normal oxygen group. The fluorescence expressions of α-SMA and PDGFR-β in the ASDH normal oxygen group were stronger than those in the sham surgery normal oxygen group and sham surgery hypoxia group, while the fluorescence expression of CD31 was weaker. The fluorescence expressions of α-SMA and PDGFR-β in ASDH hypoxia group were stronger than those in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group, while the fluorescence expression of CD31 was weaker. The fluorescence expressions of α-SMA and PDGFR-β in the ASDH hypoxia+oxygen inhalation group were stronger than those in the sham surgery normal oxygen group, sham surgery hypoxia group and ASDH normal oxygen group, while the fluorescence expression of CD31 was weaker, with no significant difference from the fluorescence expressions of α-SMA, PDGFR-β and CD31 in ASDH hypoxia group. Conclusions:Hypoxia in ASDH rats will stimulate pericytes contraction, which causes cerebral microcirculatory disturbance, thus leading to TBS. Short-term inhalation of oxygen of medium concentration cannot dilate pericytes or microcirculation vessels, with no obvious effect on improving the conditions of TBS.