Purpose:Taking tuberculosis as an example, this paper aims at to analyzing the level of reimburse-ment for infectious diseases care, and clarifying the government responsibility. Methods:In order to achieve the ob-jective of this research, UHC framework was used to analyze the security level. Result:The findings of this research reveal that TB in-patients' Compensation Ratio of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme ( NCMS) was lower than aver-age level of all the NCMS patients, the out-patients' was even lower. The categories of anti-tuberculotic for free was limited, the utilization was not as expected. Medical assistance covered few people in spite of its high level of reim-bursement. Conclusion:Based on the findings of this review, it has been revealed that the medical insurance didn't make a big difference in financial protection for patients with infectious diseases. As the treatment for of infectious diseases is a quasi-public good, the government has to shoulder the responsibility of improving the compensation ratio of the patients.

Objective To study the CT and MRI findings of schwannoma in tIle sinonasal region and evaluate their clinical application.Methods All 12 cases of schwannoma locating in the sinonasal region were verified by pathology.r111e CT images in all 12 cases and MRI findings in 10 cases were analyzed retrospectively.Results Of the 12 cases of schwannoma in the sinonasal cavity.11 were benign and l was malignant.The tumors located in the nasoethmoid region in 4 cases.in the maxillary sinus in 3 cases and in the maxillary.ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses in 2 cases.The lesion of the remaining 3 cases involved maxillary sinus and hasal cavity,sphenoid sinus and choana respectively.The lesions with well-defined margin showed elliptic shape in 4 cases,irregular shape in 8 cases.On CT,the lesion resulted in dilatation of the affected sinonasal cavity with remodeling,thinning and displacement of the bony wall.In addition.local bony absorption was detected in 8 cases and bony destruction was found in 1 case.The lesions revealed homogeneous density in 10 cases and inhomogeneous in 2 on precontrast CT.Two cases showed heterogeneous enhancement on postcontrast CT. On MR T1WI,schwannoma in the sinonasal region demonstrated isointense signal compared to brain in 10 cases with patchy and nodular low signal intensity in 3 cases and patchy hish signal intensity in 2 cases.On T2 WI.the lesion showed heterogeneous isointense singal in 7 cases and slightly hyperintense signal in 3 cases.Stippled and patchy hyperintense signal was seen in 9 cases and well-defined and regular nedular high intense signal in 6 cases.Patchy low signal intensity was found in 2 cases corresponding to the high signal intensity on MR Tl WI.In addition,liquid-iquid level was identified in one case.The lesion displayed rooderate to marked inhomogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced MR images in 9 cases and marked homogeneous enhancement in one case.The time.intensity curve of dynamic contrast enhancement of MRI showed plateau type in 2 cases.In this group,the lesions were complicated with obstructive parasinusitis in 6 cases.which showed hypointense signal on MR T1 WI,hyperintense signal on T,WI and peripheral enhancement on postcontrast MRI.MRI showed the extent and other associated changes of the lesions more clearly compared to CT Conclusions Bone remodeling.thinning and absorption on CT and Patchy and noduhr high signal intensity on MR T2WI without postcontrast enhancement were typical manifestations of schwannoma in the sinonasal region.Combined findings of CT and MRI call provide more comprehensive information for the diagnosis and therapy.

Traditional processes are mostly adopted in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation production and the quality of products is mostly controlled by terminal. Potential problems of the production in the process are unpredictable and is relied on experience in most cases. Therefore, it is hard to find the key points affecting the preparation process and quality control. A pattern of research and development of traditional Chinese medicine preparation process based on the idea of Quality by Design (QbD) was proposed after introducing the latest research achievement. Basic theories of micromeritics and rheology were used to characterize the physical property of TCM raw material. TCM preparation process was designed in a more scientific and rational way by studying the correlation among enhancing physical property of raw material, preparation process and product quality of preparation. So factors affecting the quality of TCM production would be found out and problems that might occur in the pilot process could be predicted. It would be a foundation for the R&D and production of TCM preparation as well as support for the "process control" of TCMIs gradually realized in the future.
Drug Compounding ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; trends ; Quality Control ; Research ; standards ; trends ; Research Design ; standards ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; standards

OBJECTIVETo study FANCA protein expression in Fanconi anemia patient's (FA) cells and explore its function.

METHODSFANCA protein expression was analyzed in 3 lymphoblast cell lines derived from 3 cases of type A FA (FA-A) patients using Western blot. Nucleus and cytoplasm localization of FANCA protein was analyzed in one case of FA-A which contained a truncated FANCA (exon 5 deletion). The FANCA mutant was constructed from the same patient and its interaction with FANCG was evaluated by mammalian two-hybrid (M2H) assay.

RESULTSFANCA protein was not detected in the 3 FA-A patients by rabbit anti-human MoAb, but a truncated FANCA protein was detected in 1 of them by mouse anti-human MoAb. The truncated FANCA could not transport from cytoplasm into nucleus. The disease-associated FANCA mutant was defective in binding to FANCG in M2H system.

CONCLUSIONSFANCA proteins are defective in the 3 FA-A patients. Disfunction of disease-associated FANCA mutant proved to be the pathogenic mutations in FANCA gene. Exon 5 of FANCA gene was involved in the interaction between FANCA and FANCG.

Cell Line ; Child ; Exons ; Fanconi Anemia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Male ; Mutation

Adolescent ; Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; microbiology

"Shengdeng" is its Tibetan transliteration referring to many medicines. Tibetan doctors and pharmacists in different areas use different drugs in formulation and clinical application, which are easily confused. In order to grasp the formula and clinical application accurately, we conduct a literature survey on history and current state of botanical origin and clinical application of "Shengdeng", making clear the application of various herbs named "Shengdeng" and providing reference to all Tibetan researchers and clinical workers in formulation and clinical application.
Drug Therapy ; history ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; history ; therapeutic use ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; history ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

The purpose of this investigation is to improve ethanol production and decrease acetate formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YS2-?adh2.The strain YS2-?adh2 with deleted alcohol dehydrogenase Ⅱ(adh2) gene was isolated in our lab with higher ethanol production than that of the strain YS2.The ace-taldehyde dehydrogenase Ⅵ(ald6) gene encoded a cytosolic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase,a key enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH) bypass,transfers acetaldehyde to acetate.To disrupt ald6 gene of the strain YS2-?adh2,ald6 gene targeting cassettes were synthesized by long flanking homology PCR(LFH-PCR) and then were transformed into YS2-?adh2 mutants by LiAc/SS Carrier DNA/PEG method.Positive transformants were selected with G418 and further confirmed by PCR.Once correctly integrated into the genome,the selective marker was rescued by transforming the plasmid pSH65 into the positive transformants and inducing the Cre expression with a Cre/loxP-mediated marker removal procedure.We named the ald6 gene knocked-out strain as YS2-?adh2-?ald6 which has a 12.5% higher ethanol production and a 18% lower acetate formation compared to the strain YS2.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation of the changes in CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell percentage with platelet (PLT) and D-dimer (D-D) levels in patients with multiple injuries (MI).

METHODSTwenty-six patients with MI, 31 with a single injury (SI group) and 26 healthy individuals were examined for peripheral blood CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells and intracellular transformation growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) contents using flow cytometry at 24, 48, and 72 h after the injuries. PLT and D-dimer levels were compared among the 3 groups.

RESULTSCD8(+)CD28(-) T cells, TGF-β1 and IL-10 were significantly higher in MI group than in SI group and healthy control group (P<0.05) without significant differences between the latter 2 groups. The levels of PLT and D-D differed significantly among the 3 groups, the highest in MI group and the lowest in the control group. In MI group, CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells, TGF-β1 and IL-10 significantly increased at 48 h after the injury (P<0.05) but decreased significantly at 72 h (P<0.05) compared with the measurements at 24 h. The levels of PLT and D-D trended to decrease with time after the injuries and showed significant differences among the 3 groups at any of the 3 time points (P<0.05). CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells, TGF-β1 and IL-10 were all positively correlated with the levels of PLT and D-D in MI patients (r>0.70, P<0.05 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONIn MI patients, CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell percentage and their cytokines tend to increase early after the injury but decrease significantly at 72 h in close relation with the changes of the coagulation function following the injuries.

CD28 Antigens ; metabolism ; CD8 Antigens ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Multiple Trauma ; immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between fetal chromosomal abnormalities and the characteristic features of prenatal ultrasound findings.

METHODSA total of 510 cases were underwent chromosome examination by amniotic fluid or cord blood analysis to identify fetal chromosomal abnormalities. The correlation between the abnormalities and the characteristics of the prenatal ultrasound findings was analyzed.

RESULTSFifty-three cases of abnormal karyotypes were detected with a positivity rate of 10.2%. Of these cases, 32 cases had chromosome number abnormalities, including 15 with 21-trisomy, 11 with 18-trisomy, 2 with 13-trisomy, 2 with 45, XO monomer and 2 with 92, XXXX tetraploid. Chromosome structural abnormalities were found in 21 cases, including 4 with translocation, 3 with insertion, 6 with inversion, 4 with deletion and 4 with derivation. Prenatal ultrasound showed obvious structural abnormalities in 22 cases (41.5%), structural malformation with ultrasonographic soft markers in 18 cases (34.0%), and separate ultrasonographic soft markers in 8 cases (15.1%).

CONCLUSIONPrenatal ultrasound fetal abnormalities and chromosome abnormalities are closely related. Prenatal ultrasound of fetal chromosomal abnormalities usually presents with a variety of significant structural abnormalities. A greater number of malformations is associated with a greater risk of chromosomal abnormalities and increased occurrence of ultrasonographic soft markers.

Adult ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Down Syndrome ; diagnosis ; Female ; Fetal Diseases ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Trisomy ; diagnosis ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism underlying the curcumin-induced apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line NCE cells.

METHODSThe characteristics of apoptosis were identified by observation acridine orange and ethidium bromide stains, ultrastructure assay, DNA fragmentation assay and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method (TUNEL). Mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m), activity of caspase-3, cytosol cytochrome C and expression of gene Fas were determined by flow cytometry (FCM), Western Blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSSeveral evidences of apoptosis were obtained from curcumin-treated NCE cells by acridine orange and ethidium bromide stains, ultrastructure identification, DNA fragmentation assay and TUNEL staining. And the mean TUNEL-positive rates increased significantly at the 3 different time points (12 h, 24 h and 48 h; 25.6%, 40.3% and 54.5%, respectively). In the curcumin-treated-groups, delta psi m altered significantly and the positive rates increased in a time-dependent manner. At the 3 different time points, the mean positive rates were 26.8%, 42.3% and 68.2%, respectively. When caspase-3 activity was detected, 80.5% cells presented proteases activities after 12 h incubation with curcumin. Western Blot analysis showed that cytoplasmic cytochrome C increased significantly after incubation with curcumin. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis showed that curcumin could up-regulate the Fas expression in time-depended manner , the positive rates of Fas protein increased from 33.6% to 89.9%.

CONCLUSIONSCurcumin induced apoptosis of NCE cells both through mitochondria-dependent pathway and death receptor pathway.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; fas Receptor ; metabolism