Objective To provide the anatomical data for single-nostril transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenoma.Methods Microanatomic structures were observed and measured in 20 cadaveric a- dults heads.Results(1)The diaphragmal opering was 5 mm or greater broad in 90%.The mean thick- ness of the diaphragma sellae was (0.18?0.08)mm.(2) A sphenoid sinus with complete pneumatization was named as all-sellae type,its percentage in all specimens was 85%,85% sphenoid sinus had middle sep- tum of which only 18.8% located in the medial sagital section.(3)The meant thickness of the sellar floor was (0.81?0.34) mm,70% of which were not more than 1 mm.Of the sellar floors,that the shape was flatness reach 15%.(4) The relationship between ICA and sphenoid sinus had two aspects,one was to be mutually apart (55%),the other was to communicate (45%),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphe- noid sinus,espeially in the superior surface of posterior part.The relationship between optic nerve and sphe- noid sinus,one was to be mutually apart (27.5%),the other was to communicate (72.5% ),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus,especially in the superior surface of anterior part.(5) Three main types of the intercavernous sinus were the anterior intercavernous sinus,present in 80%,the inferior in- tercavenous sinus (25%),and the posterior intercavenous sinus (15%).Conclusion The knowledge of the anatomy of the sellar region and sphenoid sinus is helpful to safe operation in the single-nostril transsphe- noidal approach for pituitary,adenoma microsurgery.

Bone Marrow Diseases ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lipomatosis ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Male ; Mutation

An application of digital signal processor (DSP) in the visual electrophysiology record system is presented in this paper. The system's design and implementation are described in detail. Results of its simulation and the clinical experiments are acceptable.
Adult ; Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; methods ; Electrophysiology ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Ocular Physiological Phenomena ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Software Design ; Vision, Ocular

OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical characteristics of secondary coagulation disorders caused by exposure to poison (raticide) in children and to investigate the diagnosis and corresponding treatment.

METHODThe process of diagnosis, clinical characteristics, response to treatment and the prognosis were analyzed.

RESULTSThe main clinical manifestation was mucosal bleeding (66.6%), including epistaxis, gingival bleeding, hematomas and so on. All these children were previously well and had no history of bleeding. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were prolonged, factor II was undetectable and the levels of factors VII, IX, and X were lower. The fibrinogen was normal. A raticide was detected in blood and urine of 13 children although 12 of the patients had no definite history of raticide ingestion. Prothrombin complex, fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K(1) were effective in these cases. However, 2 - 3 weeks later, 6 patients presented with recurrent bleeding.

CONCLUSIONFor children with secondary coagulation disorders of unknown cause, intoxication of raticide should be considered. The administration of blood coagulation factors and vitamin K(1) are effective in early treatment, and the treatment period should be more than 2 months. The PT and APTT should be followed up. Vitamin K(1) should be stopped when PT and APTT are normal.

Blood Coagulation Disorders ; chemically induced ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Rodenticides ; poisoning ; Vitamin K 1 ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVEThe Chinese Children's Leukemia Group (CCLG)-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 08 protocol for childhood ALL was established in 2008. This study aims to evaluate the drug-related toxicities of CCLG-ALL 08 protocol in the treatment of childhood ALL.

METHODSA total of 114 children with newly diagnosed ALL were treated with the CCLG-ALL 08 protocol. The protocol was divided into five phases: remission induction (VDLD), early reinforcement (CAM), consolidation therapy, delayed reinforcement (DIa & DIb) and maintenance treatment. Drug-related toxicities in each phase were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0.

RESULTSToxicities were more frequent in phase VDLD than other treatment phases, including hepatotoxicity (87.7%), dental ulcer (20.2%), hyperglycemia (20.2%), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (21.1%) and decreased fibrinogen (34.2%), with the incidence rates of severe adverse events at 7%, 0, 1.3%, 0.8% and 2.7% respectively. The incidence of allergic reaction to L-ASP was significantly higher in phase DIa than in phase VDLD (28.0% vs 7.9%; P<0.01), and there were no longer any allergic reactions in 15 patients who received continuing treatment with pegaspargase instead. There was no severe arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, decreased left ventricular function, osteonecrosis, myopathy, organ failure or treatment-related mortality.

CONCLUSIONSThe drug-related toxicities of CCLG-ALL 08 protocol are common in phase VDLD, but they are mild and reversible. There is no treatment-related mortality. The CCLG-ALL 08 protocol for childhood ALL is safe.

Adolescent ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; adverse effects ; Asparaginase ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy ; Remission Induction

OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and prognosis of patients with Down syndrome-related acute leukemia (DS-AL).

METHODSThe clinical data, laboratory findings, chemotherapy and prognosis of 21 children with DS-AL were analyzed.

RESULTSMost of the children had disease onset of leukemia at 1 to 5 years of age (85.7%), and acute myeloid leukemia accounted for 57.1% of these cases; 61.9% of the patients had increased lactate dehydrogenase level by 2 folds or more. Of the 13 cases undergoing echocardiaography, 10 (67.9%) showed abnormal findings, and complex congenital heart disease was common (38.5%). Six of the children received chemotherapy and complete remission was achieved in 4 cases; 2 patients died of infection, and the treatment-related mortality was 33.3%. The 2 patients receiving reduced intensive chemotherapy have so far had event-free survival for 21 and 43 months.

CONCLUSIONAcute myeloid leukemia is the most common subtype of DS-AL. Patients with DS-AL are sensitive to chemotherapy and the prognosis was favorable with reduced intensive chemotherapy.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Child, Preschool ; Disease-Free Survival ; Down Syndrome ; complications ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; complications ; drug therapy ; Prognosis ; Remission Induction

OBJECTIVETo analyze the rate of postoperative vessel thrombosis and its management after free tissue transfers in head and neck region.

METHODSEight hundred and forty-nine consecutive free flap transfers were performed from May 1999 to September 2004. Among them, the flaps with postoperative vessel thrombosis were selected and reviewed. Data concerning each case included time of vessel thrombosis, kind of thrombosis, time of emergent exploration, and salvage of free flaps.

RESULTSAmong the 849 free flaps, postoperative vessel thrombosis occurred in 28 free flaps, between 8 to 120 hours after operation. There were 5 arterial thrombosis, and 23 venous thrombosis. Thirteen flaps were salvaged after emergent exploration, and 15 flaps were lost. The rate of postoperative vessel thrombosis was 3.3% in this group, the salvage rate of flap was 46.4%, and the overall successful rate was 98.2%.

CONCLUSIONClinical monitoring after free flap transfer in head and neck region is very important and effective. In case of vessel thrombosis, emergent exploration is the only effective way to salvage the flap.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Free Tissue Flaps ; adverse effects ; Head ; surgery ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Microsurgery ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Tissue Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; Venous Thrombosis ; etiology ; Young Adult

The precondition of accurate gastric cancer surgery is precise assessment of lymph node metastasis. To date, no imaging modality achieves both high sensitivity and high specificity in detecting lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Intraoperative sentinel node tracing and biopsy are the most popular method to identify the localization of tumor cell, but is limited to early gastric cancer. Nano-composite materials, designed for tumor imaging and tracing, show us a newly emerging domain for tumor detection in gastric cancer. The function of these nano-composite materials to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer relies on the effective backflow of lymph system. However, the lymph vessels can be obstructed by tumor cells in advanced gastric cancer, which may restrain the application of these nanoparticles. Therefore, more methods to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer should be explored. This review summarizes the characteristic of the targeted nanosphere. Based on the reported studies, a novel idea is conceived that targeted multifunctional nanosphere may be a potential method to achieve precise assessment of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; pathology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology

Background Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)is a common inherited eye disease,which generally affects young adults with bilateral loss of central vision.Mutation frequency of Leber hereditary has not been fully clarified. Objective This study was to investigate the mutation frequency of mitochondrial NDI gene associated with LHON in Chinese population. Methods The proposal of the study was approved by Ethic Committee of Wenzhou Medical College.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject initial of this trial.Eight hundred and ninety-four LHON patients and 134 normal subjects were collected.Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of the all participants.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 gene was performed and aligned with revised Cambridge Reference Sequence(rCRS) of mitochondrial DNA.Then mutated gene frequency was screened and analyzed. Results Mutational analysis of mitochondrial ND1 gene in 894 LHON patients revealed the presence of G3316A,T3394C,G3460A,C3497T,G3635A,G3733A,and T4216C.11.19％ LHON patients (100/894 ) were found to be associated with the gene mutations mentioned above,and 3.24％ patients (29/894) showed the co-occurrence of three primary mutations.Mutation frequencies in LHON patients were 2.57％,2.23％,1.45％,3.80％,0.67％,0.11％,0.34％,respectively,and G3316A,T3394C,C3497T and T4216C also were detected in 134 normal controls with the mutation frequencies of 4.48％,2.99％,4.48％ and 1.49％,respectively.Mutation frequency analysis showed an insignificant difference in the mutations of G3316A,T3394C,C3497T and T4216C between LHON patients and normal controls (x2 =0.926,P=0.336;x2 =0.052,P=0.820; x2 =0.142,P=0.707;P=0.129).G3376A,G3496T,G3700A,A4136G,T4160C and C4171A were absent in Chinese LHON patients. Conclusions Mitoehondrial ND1 gene in LHON is a mutational hotspot in Chinese population,11.19％ (100/894)associated with LHON was caused by ND1 gene mutation.G3635A,G3733A may be rare pathological mutation in Chinese population.However,G3316A,T3394C,C3497T and T4216C are insufficient to produce the clinical phenotype,but they may play a synergic role for penetrance and phenotypic manifestation in LHON.

OBJECTIVETo determine the clinicopathologic characteristics and the relationship between related gene expression and pathobiologic behavior of pancreatic mucinous noncystic adenocarcinoma.

METHODSAmong the 249 pancreatic carcinoma cases from the department files, 6 tumors were identified to meet the pathologic criteria of colloid carcinoma. Envision immunohistochemical staining technique was used to detect expression of p21(ras), p21(WAF1), p16, p33(ING1), p53, ATM, MDM2, PCNA, Cyclins (D1, D3, A, B and E). Intra- and extra- cellular mucin production were determined by AB-PAS staining. Clinically, all of 6 cases were followed to June, 2003.

RESULTSIn all 6 cases, the tumors were located in the head of the pancreas and all displayed similar microscopic findings. Duodenal invasion was seen in 4 cases and perineural invasion was seen in 1 case. Tumor metastasis in the liver was seen in 2 cases and in the regional lymph nodes in 2 cases. Positive immunostaining was seen in 5 cases with p21(ras), 3 cases with p21(WAF1), 1 case with p16, 4 cases with p33(ING1), 2 cases with p53, 3 cases with ATM, 3 cases with MDM2, 6 cases with PCNA, 3 cases with cyclinA, 3 cases with cyclinD1, 4 cases with cyclinD3, 4 cases with cyclinB and 6 cases with cyclinE. Both extracellular and intracellular mucin was strongly positive for AB-PAS staining. Clinical follow-up found that 2 patients died of their tumors at 14 and 20 months. Three patients were alive after 28, 49 and 87 months of follow-up. One case were lost contact.

CONCLUSIONSPancreatic mucinous noncystic adenocarcinoma has distinct morphologic features and biologic behavior. Multiple gene products including many cyclins may be involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic colloid carcinoma. The tumor has an aggressive behavior with a high frequency of invasion and metastases, though the prognosis could be better than that of ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma of pancreas.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; metabolism ; pathology ; secondary ; Aged ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ; metabolism ; Duodenal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; metabolism