Qualitative research methods are becoming more and more important in medical research area. Some qualitative researches played important roles in the exploration and the spread of core ideas of Chinese medicine. The report of qualitative research should be transparent and credible according to the standardized report criterion. On the basis of 22 criteria, the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was developed and published in September 2007. This introduction to COREQ will be helpful to Chinese qualitative researchers and readers in the implementation of high quality of medical qualitative research in China.

The lecture, role play, combination of team learning and self-directed learning, group presentation,these multiple pedagogies were adopted in the teaching of selective medical English course.The questionnaire result showed this multiple teaching strategy can foster the students' interest in medical English, enhance their awareness of active learning and increase the ir learning efficacy, which is an effective teaching model, and can be applied and promoted in the medical English teaching.

BACKGROUND:Tissue engineering provides new ideas and approaches for repair of cartilage defects.
OBJECTIVE:To develop a complete set of solutions for construction of tissue engineered cartilagein vitro, with chondrocytes as seed cels and cross-linked sodium hyaluronate as scaffold materials.
METHODS: New Zealand rabbit articular chondrocytes were isolated, counted, and then cultured and passaged to prepare cellsuspension. Toluidine blue staining, RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry were exerted to evaluate the cultured cels. Chondrocytes were seeded and co-cultured with cross-linked sodium hyaluronate scaffold for 21 days. Then, RNA was isolated for RT-PCR, and frozen sections were prepared for morphological observation and immunohistochemistry study.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The chondrocytes could adhere to the cross-linked sodium hyaluronate scaffold and aggregate, growing between fibers or adhering to the scaffold in a monolayer manner. The transcripts of cartilage specific aggrecan gene and colagen type II alpha 1 gene and cartilage specific protein colagen type II were expressed in cel-scaffold complexes to maintain the phenotype of chondrocytes. Cel-scaffold complexes co-cultured in vitro can form cartilage extracelular matrix, by which tissue engineered cartilage is expected to be obtained.

To study the anticancer effects of tea polyphenols on colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI) in nude mice and to explore its mechanism.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effective method of the prevention and treatment of procedural pain in dressing changes of burn wounds.

METHODSNinety patients of burn injury were randomized into 3 groups, 30 cases in each one. In the group A, fentanyl citrate injection was used at corresponding injury area, jiaogan (AH6a, sympathetic nerve), fei (CO14, lung), neifenmi (CO18, endocrine) on ear, 0.25 mL at each point. In the group B, fentanyl citrate injection was applied subcutaneously in the deltoid muscle, 1 mL. In the group C, 0.9% sodium chloride injection was applied subcutaneously in the deltoid muscle, 1 mL. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the analgesic effect before, during and 10 min after dressing change in the patients of the three groups separately.

RESULTSIt was not different in VAS score before dressing change among the three groups (P> 0.05). Compared with that before dressing change, the pain was not significant and VAS score was not different during and after dressing change in the patients of the group A (both P>0.05), but the score in the patients of the group B and C was different significantly (all P<0.05). The VAS score during and after dressing change in the group A was lower than that in the group B and C (all P<0.05), and the score in the group B was lower than that in the group C (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONFentanyl injection of small dose at auricular points achieves definite analgesic effect on procedural pain in dressing changes of burn wounds, superior to subcutaneous injection of fentanyl.

Acupuncture Points ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Burns ; complications ; therapy ; Female ; Fentanyl ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Pain Measurement ; Young Adult

This study examined the role of PI3K/Akt pathway in radiosensitization of DNA damage of cervical carcinoma cells. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of cisplatin and docetaxel in HeLa cells was detected by Mono-nuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay (MTT) in vitro. HeLa cells were treated by cisplatin/docetaxel of 10 percent of IC(20) alone or combined with LY294002 for 24 h, and then radiated by different doses of X-ray. The cell survival ratio was obtained by means of clone formation. One-hit multi-target model was fitted to the cell survival curve to calculate dose quasithreshold (Dq), mean lethal dose (D(0)), 2Gy survival fraction (SF(2)) and sensitization enhancement ratio (SER). The pAkt and total Akt expression was detected by Western blotting and DNA damage by neutro-comet electrophoresis. The HeLa cells were randomly divided into 7 groups in terms of different treatments: Control; radiation treatment (RT) group; LY294002+RT group; cisplatin+RT group; docetaxel+RT group; LY294002+cisplatin+RT group; LY294002+docetaxel+RT group. The apoptosis ratio of each group was measured by flow cytometry. The results showed that docetaxel and cisplatin significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt in radiation-treated HeLa cells. The Dq, D(0) and SF2 in LY294002-contained groups were lower than those in docetaxel or cisplatin+RT group. The SER in the LY294002+docetaxel+RT group was 1.35 times that of the docetaxel+RT group, and that in the LY294002+cisplatin+RT group 1.26 times that of the cisplatin+RT group. The Comet electrophoresis showed that tail distance in the LY294002+cisplatin+RT group or LY294002+docetaxel+ RT group was longer than in the cisplatin+RT group or docetaxel+RT group. The apoptosis ratio in the LY294002+cisplatin+RT group or LY294002+docetaxel +RT group was higher than in the cisplatin+RT group or docetaxel+RT group. It was concluded that inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway can increase the effect of docetaxel and cisplatin on the radiosensitivity of HeLa cells and DNA damage resulted from radiation.

In order to increase the production of insecticidal crystal proteins Cry1 and Cry2, firstly, Plack-ett-Burman design was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the related nutrition factors; it was found that the soybean powder and MnSO4?H2O were significant factors for Cry1 production, but the yield of Cry2 wasn’t effected remarkably in such medium. Then the steepest ascent experiment was adopted to approach the optimal region of the medium composition. Lastly, the optimal concentration of the soybean powder and MnSO4?H2O was 11.5 and 0.02 g/L, obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The final yields of Cry1 and Cry2 was 0.32 mg/mL and 0.11 mg/mL, increasing twice more than that in the medium optimized before. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of optimal medium was 1.09 ?L/mL. The toxicity to Heli-coverpa armigera was significantly enhanced than the old one.

Objective To observe the apeptosis in liver injury following limbs ischemia-reperfusion(IR) in rats and the protective effects of taurine.Methods The model of limbs ischemia-reperfusion injury was established.30 Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups: control group,IR group and tanrine + reperfusion group (TR group) (n = 10 for each group).The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and xanthineoxidas (XOD), calcium and myeloper-oxidase (MPO) in the liver tissue were measured.DNA fragmentation was observed and analyzed by agarose gel e-lectrophoresis.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL methods.The morphologic changes were observed with HE stai-ning.Results Compared with control group,the values of MDA, XOD, MPO, calcium in liver tissue were increased significantly in IR group (P<0.01), but the values of those in TR group were lower than in IR group (P<0.01).The percentage of apeptosis cell was higher in IR group than in control group(P<0.01).Compared with IR group, the percentage of apoptosis cell was lower in TR group (P<0.01).IR group presented DNA ladder pattern, while TR group showed no specific DNA ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis.Conclusion Apoptosis participates in the liver injury after limb ischemia-reperfusion.Taurine can mitigate the liver injury and apoptosis after limb is-chemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Objective To study the effect of the respiratory amplitude on the dose distribution of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).Methods Respiratory motion simulation phantom (QUASAR) was used to simulate the respiratory movement from head to toe,and a two-dimensional ionization chamber matrix was used to collect the dose distribution in isocenter with different respiratory amplitude.Verisoft software and absolute dose analysis were used to analyze dose distribution,percentage errors of absolute dose in isocenter,passing rates of radiation field for the data collected,and results were compared to planned dosage.Results The effect on isocenter target dose of respiratory motion was below dose tolerance 5％ (t =-22.614--10.756,P ＜ 0.05).The respiratory movement made the dose on the edge of the target area higher,with fewer hot spots and more cold spots in the target area.As the respiratory amplitude increased,the effect of respiratory movement on the overall dose distribution in the target area was greater.The difference of the whole beam γ passing rate between 6,8,10 mm and stationary state was significant (t =3.095,8.685,14.096,P ＜ 0.05).The difference of target γ passing rate between 8,10 mm and stationary state was significant (t =6.081,9.841,P ＜0.05).Conclusions The respiratory movement could cause the dose transmission errors of VMAT,the error increased with increased range of motion.The actual radiation dose for normal tissues along the direction of respiratory movement on the target edge was higher than what was planned.

AIM: To discuss the effects of phytoestrogenic-genistein on cathepsin K (CK) expression stimulated by interleukin-1α (IL-1α) in osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) . METHODS: The OCLs were isolated from tissue of human giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) . The cells treated with reagents were divided into 7 groups including control (treated with phenol red-free-DMEM), vehicle (treated with 1.2 nmol· L-1 IL- 1α), 10-10-10-6genistein, genistein+ ICI 182.780, and 17[β-estrodiol (17β-E2) group. The cells were treated with 1.2 nmol· L-1IL-1α after pre-treated with genistein or 17β-E2 for 48 h (excluded the control group) . Expression of CK wasdetermined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot in OCLs stimulated by IL-1α in the presence of genistein or 17[β-E2. RESULTS: The obvious increase of expression of CK by IL1α in vehicle group was noted in comparing with control group (P ＜ 0.01 ) . Genistein down-regulated CK gene expression stimulated by IL-1α at the transcription level in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.68, P ＜ 0.01 ) .Genistein down-regulated CK protein expression stimulated by IL-1α also in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.61,P ＜ 0.01 ). The effects of genistein were abrogated partly after treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182.780. CONCLUSION: Genistein inhibits CK expression stimulated by IL-1α partly through estrogen receptor in OCLs.