Although there is great technological disparity between the best foreign lithotripters and domestic ones, the clinical efficacy of the latter is quite good. In this article, the characteristics, developing status and clinical applications of domestic lithotripters are introduced.

Objective To investigate the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (exendin-4) on expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in the skeletal muscle of rats with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).Methodis 54 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into normal glucose tolerance group (NGT group,n =18) and impaired glucose tolerance group(IGT group,n =36).The rats in NGT group were fed with routine diet and the rats in IGT group were fed with high-sugar high-fat diet.At the 12th week,IGT models were tested successful.Then,half of the rats were allocated to intervention group (Ex group) and the rest were set as IGT control group.The rats in Ex group were subject to exendin-4 subcutaneous injection (5 μg/kg,twice daily).Each rat in NGT group and IGT control group was given the same volume of saline as injection.FBG and 2 h BG were measured before intervention and after 4 weeks.The expression of GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 in the skeletal muscle were respectively measured by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.Inter-group comparison was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least square deviation-test (LSD-t).Results Before intervention,compared with NGT-group,the 2 h BG in IGT control group and Ex group were higher,the GLUT4 mRNA of skeletal muscle in IGT control group and Ex group were lower (respectively P ＜ 0.05).The skeletal muscle cells in IGT control group and Ex group were less colored while the skeletal muscle cells in NGT group were colored extensively,and more colored granules.After 4 weeks of exendin-4 intervention,compared with IGT control group and Ex group of non-intervention,the 2 h BG level in Ex group was lower and the expression level of GLUT4 mRNA of skeletal muscle was higher (respectively P ＜ 0.05).After intervened with exendin-4 for 4 weeks,the GLU protein mainly expressed in cytoplasma of skeletal muscle cells.Its expression was higher in Ex group than in IGT group and in Ex group before intervention.Conclusion Exendin-4 may up-regulate the expression of GLUT4,increase glucose intake of the skeletal muscle,and reduce postprandial blood sugar.

BACKGROUND:Increasingly studies report that the normal balance of bone metabolism may be destroyed in the case of postmenopausal osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. The concrete metabolic process of bone turnover could be revealed sensitively by measuring the bone turnover markers in the serum or urine.
OBJECTIVE:To study the bone density and bone metabolic index of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), and to discuss the characteristics of bone density and bone metabolic index in KOA and PMO.
METHODS:A total of 248 postmenopausal women were detected for bone mineral density and knee X-ray. Final y 180 patients were included in this study and were divided into three groups:KOA group, PMO group, and control group. The levels of bone turnover markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, bone gla protein, col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b) in serum from the participants were measured. The correlation between bone turnover markers and the disease progression was analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The bone mineral density in the KOA group was higher than the control group but col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide was lower. The levels of bone gla protein, col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b in serum from PMO group were higher than the control group. The decrease of col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide was associated with the incidence of KOA, and the increases of bone gla protein, col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b were associated with the incidence of PMO. The lower bone absorption can be seen in postmenopausal women with KOA. PMO patients showed a higher bone turnover rate. The difference of bone metabolism between patients with KOA and PMO led to negative relationship of bone mineral density. The serum levels of bone gla protein, col agen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b can assist clinical diagnose and therapeutic effect detection of both KOA and PMO.

Objective To summarize MRI findings of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), analyze MRI characteristics of various pathological subtypes of focal cortical dysplasia. Methods Forty-four patients with FCD were collected. Their MRI findings were analyzed retrospectively. According to pathologic findings, these patients were divided into FCD type Ⅰ group and FCD type Ⅱ group. The following MR signs were observed in the two types of FCD: ( 1 ) Focal thickening of the cortex. ( 2 ) Blurring of the gray matter-white matter junction. ( 3 ) Tapering of white matter signal intensity alteration toward the ventricle on FLAIR and on T2WI. (4)Focal brain hypoplasia. (5)Increased signal intensity of gray matter on FLAIR. (6)Increased signal intensity of gray matter on T2 WI. ( 7 ) Increased signal intensity of subcortical white matter on FLAIR.(8) Increased signal intensity of subeortical white matter on T2WI. (9) Decreased signal intensity of subcortical white matter on T1 WI. The χ2 tests and corrected χ2 tests were used for comparison between the two groups. Results In the 44 cases, there were 30 cases with FCD type Ⅰ and 14 cases with FCD type Ⅱ. FCD was identified by MRI in 32 cases. Blurring of the gray-white matter junction is the most common sign of FCD (23 cases). There were 21 cases identified by MRI in FCD type Ⅰ group. Focal brain hypoplasia is a typical sign of FCD type Ⅰ , which was found in 11 cases in FCD type Ⅰ group but none in FCD type Ⅱ group. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups (continuity corrected χ2 =5. 0286,P =0. 0249) . In FCD type Ⅱ group, 11 cases were identified by MRI. Increased cortical thickness was found in 10 eases in FCD type Ⅱ group and 11 cases in FCD type Ⅰ group ( χ2 =4. 6234 ,P =0. 0315). Increased signal intensity of subcortical white matter on FLAIR was found in 9 cases in FCD type Ⅱ group and 7 cases in FCD type Ⅰ group (χ2 =6.9180,P =0.0085). Tapering of white matter signal intensity alteration toward the ventricle was found in 4 cases in FCD type Ⅱ group and none in FCD type Ⅰ group ( continuity corrected χ2 = 6. 2883, P = 0. 0122). The above-mentioned three MRI findings showed statistically significant difference between the two groups and were features of FCD type Ⅱ.All of the other MRI findings showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions Different pathological subtypes of FCD have different MRI characteristics. It is helpful to make preoperative diagnosis and planning.

Objective To investigate the expression of pSTAT5 in 7 pancreatic carcinoma cell lines,and the change of expression of pSTAT5 in pancreatic carcinoma cells SW1990 after growth hormone (GH) treatment, and explore its molecular mechanism. Methods Human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (SW1990, Cap-1, Colo, Mia, AsPc, P3, PANC1) were cultured in vitro, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of pSTAT5 in these cell lines. SW1990 in exponential growth phase was collected and nude Balb/c mice were inoculated with SW1990 cells. When tumors became palpable after inoculation, mice (normal saline group). 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after the last dose of GH treatment, the mice were sacrificed.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of pSTAT5 in SW1990 and inoculation tumor cells after GH injection. Results Positive expression of pSTAT5 was observed in all human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (SW1990, Cap-1, Colo, Mia, Aspc, P3, PANC1). 5 minutes after GH (50 ng/ml) stimulation, the expression of pSTAT5 in SW1990 was 0.57 ±0.05, which was significantly increased; and it reached 0.64 ±0.04 at 10 minutes, then decreased to 0.39 ±0.03 at 15 minutes, however, it remained higher than that in the control group at 1 h (0.33 ± 0.02 vs 0.25 ± 0.06), and its expression at 2 h was 0.26 ± 0.03 and returned to the normal level. The expression of pSTAT5 in xenograft was not significantly changed. Conclusions GH could rapidly up-regulate the expression of pSTAT5 in SW1990 but the effect lasted for a relatively short period. GH had no significant effect on the expression of pSTAT5 in xenograft.

Objective To evaluate the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on lidocaine-induced apoptosis in dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGCs) of rats in vitro.Methods DRGCs in the logarithmic phase were incubated in culture plates at the density of 2 × 104 cells/cm2 (27 wells in total).DRGCs were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =9 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),lidocaine treatment group (group L) and BMSC treatment group (group B).The DRGCs in group C were incubated routinely without lidocaine,while the DRGCs were incubated for 2 h with lidocaine with the final concentration of 50 mmol/L in L and B groups.The DRGCs were then incubated normally in group L.The DRGCs were then co-cultured with the BMSCs which were incubated in Transwell chambers with the density of 2 × 104 cells/cm2 in group B.DRGCs were collected at 48 h of incubation for detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry.Apoptosis rate was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in L and B groups (P ＜ 0.05).The apoptosis rate was significantly lower in group B than in group L (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion BMSCs can reduce lidocaine-induced apoptosis in DRGCs of rats in vitro,indicating that BMSCs may reduce local anesthetics-produced toxicity to the peripheral nerve.

Being introduced in Korean peninsula, Chinese medicine, which is called Korean medicine in Korea, has caused great influence in Korean ethnomedicine, culture and living.Korean medicine takes an important part in Korean medical education and medical treatment. This paper introduces the origin of Korean medicine, the current mode and feature of Korean medicine education, as well as the overview and characteristic of Korean Hospital Affiliated Qing Xi University and Korean Hospital Affiliated Daejeon University. The mode of Korean medical education and hospital can offer reference for Chinese medicine education.

The purpose of this study is to develop glipizide push-pull osmotic pump (PPOP) tablets by using a formulation design expert system and an artificial neural network (ANN). Firstly, the expert system for the formulation design of osmotic pump of poor water-soluble drug was employed to design the formulation of glipizide PPOP, taking the dissolution test results of Glucotrol XL as the goal. Then glipizide PPOP was prepared according to the designed formulations and the in vitro dissolution was carried out. And in vivo evaluation was carried out between the samples which were similar to Glucotrol XL and the Glucotrol XL in Beagle dogs. The range of the factors of formulation and procedure, which could influence the drug release, was optimized using artificial neural network. Finally, the design space was found. It was found that the target formulation which was similar to Glucotrol XL in dissolution test could be obtained in a short period by using the expert system. The samples which were similar to Glucotrol XL were bio-equivalent to the Glucotrol XL in Beagle dogs. The design space of the key parameter coating weight gain was 9.5%-12.0%. It could be concluded that a well controlled product of glipizide PPOP was developed since the dissolution test standard of our product was more strict than that of Glucotrol XL.

Benzene ; poisoning ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric ( HPLC-MS / MS) method coupled with an immunoaffinity clean-up column was successfully developed for determination of aflatoxins (AFB1 , AFB2 , AFG1 , AFG2 , AFM1 and AFM2 ) and zeranols ( α-zeranol, β-zeranol, α-zearalenol,β-zearalenol, zearalanone and zearalenone ). The sample was extracted with methanol-acetonitrile (20∶ 80, V/ V) after enzymatic digestion by β-glucuronidase / sulfatase, and the extraction solution was passed through glassy fiber filter paper and then diluted with phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The reconstituted solution was cleaned up with IAC-AZ immunoaffinity column, and then analyzed by HPLC-MS / MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The results indicated that the linear detection range was 0. 03-6. 0 μg / L for AFB2 and AFG2 , and 0. 05-20 μg / L for the rest compounds. The correlation coefficients were above 0. 999. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0. 01-0. 03 μg / kg and 0. 04-0. 09 μg / kg, respectively. The recoveries of the aflatoxins and zeranols were in the range of 73. 6% -98. 4% at the spiked levels of 0. 5, 1 and 5 μg / kg, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1. 9% -11. 2% . The method was proved to be simple and accurate, and suitable for the rapid determination of aflatoxins and zeranols in animal-originated foods.