Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; drug therapy

Hepatitis, Chronic ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; pathology ; Neoplasm Staging

Biopsy ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; pathology

Adolescent ; Animals ; Humans ; Liver Diseases, Parasitic ; Male ; Pentastomida

Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; pathology ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Liver ; pathology

Biopsy ; methods ; Disease Progression ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Fatty Liver ; pathology ; Fibrosis ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; classification ; pathology ; Reference Standards ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Severity of Illness Index ; Specimen Handling

Objective To find the plantar pressure readings which best indicate foot inversion during the stance phase of walking among hemiplegic stroke survivors.Methods Twenty-two hemiplegic stroke survivors who were able to walk without extra aid were recruited as the experimental group, while 17 healthy elderly men of similar age and body weight were selected as the control group.Those in both groups were asked to walk at their preferred speed over a Footscan device which measured medio-lateral pressure ratios, maximum plantar pressures and the contact areas of both feet.The Clinical Spasticity Index (CSI) was used to evaluate the affected feet.Results The average medial forefoot pressure of the affected side in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group, but their average mesopodium and heel pressure was significantly higher.The average pressure applied by the great toe on the uninjured side in the experimental group was significantly smaller than that of the control group, but the average mesopodium and heel pressure of both feet among the hemiplegics were significantly higher than those of the control group.Among the experimental group, the average medial forefoot pressure of the affected foot was significantly greater than that of the healthy foot.The average contact area of the great toe on the affected side was significantly bigger than was observed in the control group.That of the medial forefoot was, however, significantly smaller than in the control group.There was no significant difference in the contact area between the healthy and affected feet in the experimental group, though the maxmium medio-lateral pressure ratios of their full feet and forefeet on the affected side were significantly lower than those in the healthy group.No significant differences in the maxmium medio-lateral pressure ratios of the heel were observed between the two groups, nor of the full feet, forefeet and heels of the affected and unaffected sides in the experimental group.The patients demonstrated consistently reduced joint mobility on both sides during the stance phase, coinciding with increased inversion.A significant negative correlation was found between the maxmium medio-lateral pressure ratios of the full foot and the maximum pressure of the lateral part of forefoot in the experimental group, but there was no significant correlation with contact area or CSI.Conclusions Plantar pressure data can be used to describe the amount of foot inversion in the stance phase of walking with hemiplegic patients after stroke.The maxmium medio-lateral pressure ratios can effectively reflect their foot inversion.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its influencing factors for three years following the "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake.

METHODSA systematic sampling of 870 subjects who came from Beichuan (605 persons) and Jiangyou (265 persons) areas were investigated by adopting subscale of PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and Social Demographic Questionnaire.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of PTSD was 8.5% (74/870), the incidence rates of PTSD for the area of Beichuan and Jiangyou were 11.2% (68/605) and 2.3% (6/265) respectively. Subjects from Beichuan had higher PTSD incidence rate compared to Jiangyou (P < 0.05). The prevalence of PTSD for female and male were 11.8% (55/465) and 4.7% (19/405) respectively, female had higher prevalence of PTSD compared to male (P < 0.05). The incidence rates of PTSD for victims who suffered from major property lost and those who lost less were 13.3% (62/466) and 3.0% (12/404) respectively, victims suffered major property lost had higher incidence rate of PTSD(P < 0.05). The incidence rates of PTSD for victims who lost family members and those did not were 13.4% (45/336) and 5.4% (29/534) respectively, victims who lost family members had higher incidence rates of PTSD (P < 0.05). The posttraumatic symptoms for survivors who suffered from PTSD mainly focused on the symptoms of reexpericement and over vigilance, the prevalence rate was 100% (74/74). Exaggerated startle response, intense psychological distress and physiological reactivity were higher than others in total 17 symptoms, accounting for 96% (71/74), 94% (70/74) and 90% (67/74). The logistic regression showed that being female, victims who suffered from major property lost, lost family member in this earthquake were the risk factors of PTSD, and the values of OR (95%CI) were 2.746 (1.580 - 4.772), 3.616 (1.871 - 6.988) and 1.805(1.057 - 3.084), respectively.

CONCLUSIONPosttraumatic symptoms were still common among survivors three years after "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake. Survivors in Beichuan (heavy hit area), female victims, victims who suffered from major property lost, victims who lost family member need more social and economic support.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Disasters ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Survivors ; psychology ; Young Adult

Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fibroma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Vimentin ; metabolism

The social and behavioral research in promoting human health and the impact on human social relations and structures has been confirmed .With the development of social and behavioral science , the importance of ethics review for the research is also increased .Despite its uniqueness , the basic principles of ethics in social and behavioral research are consistent with other biomedical studies .This paper introduces ethics review points of social and behavioral research from the research design , risk and benefits , informed consent , deception and debriefing , expedited review , exemption of ethics review, privacy and confidentiality .This paper also introduces the relevant experiences from Europe and America giving references for the domestic professionals .