Background The treatment timing and method of amblyopia rely on the plasticity of visual system.Synapsin is a family of presynaptic terminal specific protein.Its role in visual developmental plasticity is below understood.Objective To investigate the dynamic expressions of synapsin (T-synapsin),and phosphorylation of synapsin (p-synapsin Ⅰ a/b) in visual cortex of normal mice and further explore the role of synapsin in plasticity of visual system.Methods Forty-two clean neonatal C57BL/6 mice were collected.The mice were sacrificed at postnatal 7,14,21,28,35,42,60 days respectively to obtain the tissue samples of visual cortex.Expression levels of T-synapsin and p-synapsin in the visual cortex following the ageing were quantitatively detected using Western blot assay.Results The expression of synapsin in normal mice showed a dynamic increase with the ageing.The T-synapsin Ⅰ a/b/β-actin value in visual cortex was (21.32 ± 3.27) ％,(56.27 ± 10.18) ％,(77.05 ± 10.05) ％,(83.75±10.52) ％,(94.69±11.46)％,(98.75±5.86) ％ of adults mice (postnatal 60 days,P60) in the mice of postnatal 7,14,21,28,35,42 days,respectively,showing a significant difference among them (F =69.538,P ＜ 0.001).Compared with the adult mice,the T-synapsin Ⅰ a/b/β-actin value in the mice of P7,P14,P21,P28 was significantly lower (all at P＜0.05),but no significant difference was found between P35 and P60,P42 and P60 (P =0.280,0.798).The development trend of different synapsin subtypes,such as T-synapsin Ⅰ a/b,T-synapsin Ⅱ a,T-synapsin Ⅱ b and T-synapsin Ⅲ a,was not quite the same during the ageing.The expression of T-synapsin Ⅱ a and Ⅲ a increasing more slowly with development,and kept increasing until P60.Significant differences were found among various age of mice in T-synapsin Ⅱ a,Ⅱ b,Ⅲa respectively(F =42.492 55.595,39.172,all at P＜0.001).The p-synapsin Ⅰ a/b level in the visual cortex elevated with the ageing of the mice,and that peaked in P21 mice,which was (2.86±0.17) times more than that in adult mice.After that,the expression level of p-synapsin Ⅰ a/b dropped rapidly.A significant difference was found in the p-synapsin Ⅰ a/b expression among different ages of mice (F =22.620,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Synapsin level in visual cortex presents a developmental change which correlated with the onset and decline of the critical period.Synapsin is probably involved in the regulation of neural plasticity in visual cortex in critical period.

Background Plasticity of visual system is one of the mechanisms of deprivation amblyopia.Our previous study showed that synapsin plays a role during visual developmental plasticity,and conventional protein kinase C-γ (cPKC-γ) probably is one of upstream kinases of synapsin.However,whether or how the cPKC-γ plays its effects on visual developmental plasticity is below understood.Objective This study was to investigate the dynamic expression of cPKC-γ in visual cortex of normal mice and explore the effects of abnormal visual experience on cPKC-γ expression.Methods The bilateral visual cortex tissues were obtained from 36 clean C57BL/6 mice at postnatal (P) 7,14,21,28,35,42 days respectively and 6 mice for each for the researching of cPKC-γ dynamical expression in visual cortex over aging.Other 24 C57BL/6 mice were randomized into developmental phase group and adult phase group,12 for each group.The monocular deprived (MD) models were established by suturing the upper and inferior eyelides in P14 mice for 14 days in 6 mice in the developmental phase group and 6 healthy mice served as controls,and MD models were established in the same way in 6 P60 mice in the adult phase group,and the same aged mice (6 mice) were used as controls.The mice were sacrificed and bilateral visual cortexes were obtained.The expression of cPKC-γ protein in the visual cortex was quantitatively detected using Western blot assay.The study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of Tongren Eye Hospital.The use and care of the experimental mice followed the ARVO Statement.Results The cPKC-γ protein was faintly expressed in visual cortex in normal P7 mice,with the related expressing level of (39.74± 11.22)％ and (40.78± 10.37)％ in the left and right cortex,respectively.The expressing level of cPKC-γ protein was gradually increased over aging,with the peak value of (138.68±15.73)％ and (138.47±23.48)％ in P21 mice.A significant difference was found in the expression of cPKC-γ protein in various ages of mice (Fage =57.174,P =0.000),and the expression of cPKC-γ protein was not significantly different between the left and right visual cortexses (Flateral =0.059,P =0.809).No significant differences were found in the expression of cPKC-γ protein on bilateral visual cortexes among the mice of the developmental phase group and adult phase group (Fage =1.798,P =0.159) or among the MD group and normal control group (Fgroup =0.104,P=0.749).Conclusions The dynamic expression of cPKC-γ in the visual cortex of normal mice presents a consistant tend with the aging and development of visual critical period.MD does not affect the expression of cPKC-γ protein in bilateral visual cortexes.Further researches should be performed in the activity of cPKC-γ protein in MD mice.

Objective To investigate the effects of desflurane on the delayed rectifier potassium current (Ik ) in acutely dissociated rat parietal cortical neurons. Methods Wistar rats between 10- and 14-day old of both sexes were used. The parietal cortical neurons were acutely dissociated enzymatically. The extracellular fluid saturated with 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 mmol/L desflurane was added to the culture dish, then the effects of different concentrations of desflurane on Ik were investigated by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in acutely dissociated rat parietal cortical neurons. Results IK was inhibited by desflurane in a concentration-dependent manner ( P ＜0.01). The V1/2 of the activation and inactivation curves and the slop factor had no change after giving 0.6 mmol/L desflurane (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion Desflurane inhibits delayed rectifier potassium channels of parietal cortical neurons of rats in a concentration-dependent manner, and has no effect on the activation and inactivation of delayed rectifier potassium channels, indicating that the change in the excitability of the channel is not involved in the mechanism of inhibitory effect of desflurane, and the other reasons may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To investigate the effect of Ser473-Akt phosphorylation in the protection of atorvastatin to cerebral ischemia-re-perfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group (n=10), sham group (n=10), I/R group (n=10) and intervention group (n=10). A model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats was establishied, with ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 72 hours. The normal group and the sham group received no injury. I/R group was administered with normal saline only, and the intervention group received atorvastatin 10 mg/kg prepared with normal saline at palinesthesia, 24 and 48 hours after reperfu-sion. All rats were sacrificed 72 hours after reperfusion. HE staining and TUNEL staining were performed in the brain specimens. The ex-pression of Akt and Ser473-Akt in the prefrontal cortex of the brain were detected with Western blotting. Results Compared with I/R group, 72 hours after reperfusion, the damage of nerve cells significantly lessened in the intervention group;the apoptosis positive cells significant-ly reduced in the intervention group (t=-6.014, P<0.001). The expression of Ser473-Akt in prefrontal cortex was higher in I/R group than in the normal group and the sham group (t>20.327, P<0.001), and was higher in the intervention group than in I/R group (t=3.649, P=0.007). Conclusion The Ser473-Akt phosphorylation plays an important role in the protection of atorvastatin in nerve cell through anti-apoptosis of nerve cells, and reducing cerebral I/R injury.

Background Research demonstrated that alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid GluR2 (AMPA-GluR2) is associated with amblyopia.It has been shown that levodopa and cytidine diphosphate choline can improve visual function of amblyopic children,but the mechanism is unclear.Objective This study was to explore the possible effects of levodopa and cytidine diphosphate choline on amblyopia.Methods Monocular deprivation (MD) animal models were created in 60 2-week-old SD rats by monolateral eyelid suturing and observed for 31 days and reared in natural light together with 15 other matched normal healthy SD rats.The models were randomly divided into the MD group,levodopa group,cytidine diphosphate choline group and normal saline control group,with 15 rats for each group.40 mg/kg of levodopa,80 mg/kg of cytidine diphosphate choline,I ml normal saline were given to the rats,respectively,for 28 consecutive days.Expressions of the AMPA-CluR2 protein and AMPA-CluR2 mRNA in the rat visual cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry,Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Use of the animals followed the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The expression values of the AMPA-GluR2 protein (AMPA-GluR2/β-actin) and AMPA-GluR2 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were significantly lower in the MD group than those of the normal control group (protein:0.32 ± 0.02 vs.0.64 ± 0.05,t =13.287,P＜0.05 ;mRNA:0.30±0.01 vs.0.84±0.03,t=38.184,P＜0.05).Those in the levodopa group were significantly increased in comparison with the normal saline solution group (protein:0.59 ±0.04 vs.0.33 ±0.03,t =11.628,P＜0.05 ; mRNA:0.71±0.06 vs.0.33 ±0.02,t =13.435,P＜0.05).The expression values of the AMPA-GluR2 protein and AMPA-GluR2 mRNA were significantly increased in the cytidine diphosphate choline group compared with the normal saline solution group (protein:0.52 ± 0.04 vs.0.33 ± 0.03,t =8.497,P ＜ 0.05 ; mRNA:0.48± 0.04 vs.0.33 ± 0.02,t =7.500,P＜0.05).Conclusions AMPA-GluR2 is associated with the plasticity of visual development.Levodopa and cytidine diphosphate choline may improve visual function by down-regulating the expression of AMPA-GluR2 in the visual cortex.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of computed tomography?guided visceral nerve plexus ethanol neurolysis through post?curs of diaphragm approach in the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer pain using,and study the safety and life quality improvement of patients . Methods A total of 58 patients suffered from pancreatic cancer pain,who were treated in the department of pain medicine of the First Hospital of China Medical University from October 2013 to December 2014,were recruited for the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the willing of the patients and their families,group A(32 cases)was treated with Visceral Nerve Plexus ethanol Neurolysis,while group B(26 cas?es)was treated with oral opioid drugs. The analgesic effect,changes in the amount of opioid drugs,changes in the PSQI scores and the improvement of quality of life were evaluated before treatment and 1 day(T1),15 days(T15),30 days(T30),60 days(T60)after treatment. Record the adverse reactions in the course of treatment. Results All the patients of group A successfully received visceral nerve plexus ethanol neurolysis,the VAS scores,Karnofsky scores,and PSQI scores of all the observed time points(after the operation)were statistically different compared to those before treatment and group B. Statistically difference was also observed in quality of life between two groups(P<0.05). The amount of opioid drugs of group B was statistically increased than that of group A(P<0.01).The most common side effects in Group A were postural hypotension(6 cases),diar?rhea(2 cases),and intercostal neuralgia,while nausea(20 cases),constipation(11 cases)and dizziness(8 cases)were seen in the Group B. Con?clusion Visceral nerve plexus ethanol neurolysis through post?curs of diaphragm approach by the guide of CT is effective and safe for the patients with pancreatic cancer pain,and the complications were totally acceptable.

Objective Due to the superior performance,Carbon-Carbon composites,although still at their early stage of development,have gained more and more attention and showed great application potential.Methods According to the National Standard,the biological safety evaluation of carbon-carbon composites were done in the following aspects:cytotoxicity test,acute systemic toxicity test,haemolysis test,pyrogen test,intramuscular implantation test.Results test results showed the biological safety evaluation of carbon-carbon composites well meet the requirement of the national standard with fine biological compatibility.Conclusion The experiment results demonstrate that carbon-carbon composites can be put in clinical application

Biopsy ; Biopsy, Needle ; Bone Marrow ; pathology ; Bone Marrow Examination ; methods ; Bone Marrow Neoplasms ; pathology ; secondary ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Cytological Techniques ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology

Collagen Type I ; analysis ; Collagen Type III ; analysis ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Humans ; Liver ; chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of three different spinal rotation manipulations for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.

METHODSFrom September 2011 to April 2013,180 patients diagnosed as lumbar disc herniation were randomly divided into seat fixed rotation group (A), lateral position rotation group (B) and supine position rotation group (C) by using a digital table. Finally 10 patients were excluded and dropped, 170 patients were included in the study. There were 57 patients in group A, 57 patients in group B and 56 patients in group C. Baseline demographic characteristics of patients, clinical findings and indexes of health status had no statistically differences among three groups (P > 0.05). The manipulation was performed every other day, and the treatment duration for all patients was 3 weeks. Body pain (BP), Physical function (PF) in SF-36, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and adverse reactions were observed statistically 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, one year and two years after finishing treatment.

RESULTSBP, PF scores in 3 groups were significantly improved and ODI scores were significantly lower than those before treatment and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); However, there was no significant difference among three groups in the BP, PF and ODI scores (P > 0.05). There were no obvious and serious adverse reactions among these groups.

CONCLUSIONBased on the theory of dislocation of bone joints in TCM, three kinds of spinal rotation manipulations can be used safely for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, and the efficacy was similar.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Male ; Manipulation, Spinal ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Rotation ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult