Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising new source of renewable biofuel that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Researches have been done over the last decades.And considerable progress has been made.The abilities and pathways of natural microorganisms to produce ethanol from cellulose are different.So the researches of reconstructing and recombinating the useful genes from different strains are of great significance to improve the yield of ethanol production and reduce the cost.The characteristics and mechanisms of natural ethanologenic strains and the research progress of constructing recombinant strains was introduced and also analyzed the perspectives and challenges.

Objective:To analyze and summarize the commonalities and patterns in acupoint selection for moxibustion treatment of asthma. Methods: Data retrieval was conducted using ‘moxibustion’ and ‘asthma’ as the keywords through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang) and Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP). Excel 2010 was used to establish the major acupoint database for moxibustion prescriptions in treatment of asthma; data mining methods including association patterns and clustering were adopted to analyze the characteristics and patterns in acupoint selection for moxibustion treatment of asthma. Results: A total of 161 moxibustion prescriptions were recruited. The most commonly used acupoint was Feishu (BL 13), the most commonly used meridian was the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang, and the most commonly treated region was the back. The association rule analysis showed that Feishu (BL 13)-Dazhui (GV 14)-Fengmen (BL 12) had the most significant correlation, and the clustering analysis discovered 5 effective acupoint clusters. Conclusion: In moxibustion treatment of asthma, topical acupoints Feishu (BL 13), Dazhui (GV 14) and Fengmen (BL 12) can be selected, along with the acupoints from the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang and the back.

Objective: To observe the effect of moxibustion at Feishu (BL 13) on related inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthma model rats, and to explore the mechanism of moxibustion in treating asthma. Methods: A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group and a medication group, with 12 rats in each group. Except for the normal group, the rats in the other three groups were subjected to ovalbumin sensitization to stimulate the asthma. At the same time, rats in the moxibustion group received moxibustion at bilateral Feishu (BL 13), and rats in the medication group received dexamethasone by intragastric administration. Rats in the normal and the model groups only received the same fixation and normal saline by intragastric administration. After the interventions, the inspiratory resistance, the expiratory resistance, and the pulmonary compliance were measured for rats in each group; the numbers of the inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted; the levels of the involved inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected; the pathological morphologies of the lung tissues were observed under light microscope. Results: After modeling, compared with the normal group, the rats in the model group showed obvious asthma attack-like response, significantly increased inspiratory resistance and expiratory resistance (both P<0.01), and significantly reduced pulmonary compliance (P<0.01); thickened tracheal wall and the narrowed tracheal lumen observed under the light microscope; infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased eosinophils in and around the tracheal wall; significantly increased total number of inflammatory cells and proportion of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (all P<0.01); significantly reduced levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ (all P<0.01), and significantly increased levels of IL-4, IL-5 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (all P<0.01) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. After intervention, compared with the model group, rats in the moxibustion and the medication groups showed significantly reduced asthma-like reaction, pathological morphological damage of lung tissue, inspiratory resistance and expiratory resistance (all P<0.01); significantly increased pulmonary compliance (P<0.01); significantly reduced total number of inflammatory cells, proportion of eosinophils, levels of IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while significantly increased IL-12 and IFN-γ levels (all P<0.01) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; rats in the medication group also showed a significantly reduced IL-10 level in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.01); there was no statistically significant difference between the moxibustion and the medication groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Both moxibustion at Feishu (BL 13) and intragastric administration of dexamethasone can improve the asthma attack-like symptoms of ovalbumin-sensitized rats; regulating the inflammatory cell numbers and the inflammatory factor contents in the lung may be one mechanism of moxibustion in treating asthma.

AIMTo investigate the effect of iguratimod (T-614), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on TNFalpha mRNA expression and TNFalpha production, and on the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) activated by LPS.

METHODSNR8383 cells were pretreated with T-614 (13.4, 26.7, 53.4 micromol x L(-1)), then were stimulated with LPS. The production of TNFalpha in the supernatant of NR8383 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The TNFalpha mRNA level was determined by a semi-quantitative PCR assay. Assessment of the NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was performed by an ELISA kit.

RESULTST-614 inhibited LPS-stimulated mRNA expression and production of TNFalpha in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as the activity of NF-kappaB. The IC50 value of effect of T-614 on TNFalpha level was 26.2 micromol x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe inhibitory effect of T-614 on the production of TNFalpha in LPS-stimulated NR8383 cells may be mediated by suppression of NF-kappaB activity.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Chromones ; pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages, Alveolar ; drug effects ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Rats ; Sulfonamides ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of roxatidine and omeprazolein on preventing gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted in adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), who had risk factors for stress related mucosal disease (SRMD), and had an estimated stay of no less than 5 days and mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Patients were randomized into the experiment group (Roxatidine 75 mg IV Q12 h) and control group (Omeprazole 40 mg IV Q12 h). Demographic data, acute physiology and chronic health score (APACHEⅡ) and SOFA score on day 1 were collected, intragastric pH values were tested every 2 hours for the first 5 days, the daily average of pH and proportion of patients with average pH≥4 were calculated. Stool occult blood were detected at day 1 and bacterial culture of gastric juice were performed before medication administration and on day 5 after medication administration. The implementation of enteral nutrition support, situation of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and adverse effects were analyzed. Furthermore, length of hospital stay and mortality in ICU and on the 28th day were acquired. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data analysis. Consecutive data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, categorical data were expressed as frequencies (percentage). Comparison of measurement data between groups was performed by analysis of variance or rank sum test. Comparison of count data between groups was performed by the Chi-square test. P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results:A total of 91 patients were recruited and randomly separated into experimental group ( n=46) and control group ( n=45) from October 2017 to March 2018. There were no statistical differences in gender, age, body mass index (BMI), enteral nutrition status, APACHEⅡ and SOFA score on day 1 between the two groups (all P>0.05). Roxatidine in the experiment group rapidly increased the intragastric pH to ≥4.0 and continued to stabilize at pH ≥4.0 during the monitoring period. Omeprazole increased and maintained intragastric pH≥5.0. The proportion of patients with average pH≥4.0 was 82.5% in the second 24 hours in the experiment group, and stably increased to 90% on day 5. There were no significant differences between groups in gastrointestinal bleeding, length of hospital stay, and mortality in ICU and on 28th day(all P> 0.05). No drug related adverse effects occurred during the study period. Logistic-regression analysis did not screen for risk factors of SRMD. Conclusions:Roxatidine acetate hydrochloride can rapidly elevate and maintain the gastric pH above 4.0, and has similar efficacy and safety as omeprazole in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and preventing SRMD with gastrointestinal bleeding.

[Objective]To ascertain the drug resistance for pulmonary tuberculosis in Taizhou City, and to provide basis for tuberculosis prevention and control strategy. [Methods] The sputum samples were collected form 267 smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients who registered in a drug susceptibility testing (DST) monitoring site in Taizhou City form 2015 to 2017. Then with culture, identification of Mycobacterium and DST for 9 anti-tuberculosis drugs [isoniazid (INH) , rifampicin (RFP) , ethambutanol (EMB) , streptomycin (SM) , kanamycin (KAM) , ofloxacin (OFX) , crinkledmycin (CPM) , promethylamine (PTO) and para amino salicylate (PAS) ] by using proportion method performed on all sputum specimens. [Results]Of the 267 smear positive cases, 220 were cultured with 190 culture positive (17 were identified as nontuberculous mycobacterial infections) , 28 culture negative, and 2contaminated. Among 160 cases with the result of DST to 9 drugs, the overall drug resistance rate was22.5％. The overall drug resistance rates were 21.4％ and 33.3％ in the newly diagnosed patients and retreated patients respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The multidrug resistance rate was 3.1％, and had a significant difference between the new and retreated patients (0.7％ vs. 26.7％, P<0.01). Drug resistances rates of the 9 drugs ranged from high to low as:INH (8.1％) , PTO (8.1％) , SM (6.9％) , RFP (6.3％) , OFX (2.5％) , PAS (2.5％) , EMB (2.5％) , CPM (2.5％) and KAM (2.5％). There was no gender difference found in drug resistance rates (P> 0.05). Neither was there age difference (P> 0.05). [Conclusion] The epidemic of drugresistant of tuberculosis in Taizhou City are still high, especially that of acquired multi-drug resistance of tuberculosis. We must continue to improve the "three-in-one"management model, improve the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment, and strengthen community medication management.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatin (BEP) and paclitaxel/carboplatin (PC) chemotherapy regimens on the fertility and prognostic outcomes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumor (MOGCT) patients who underwent fertility-sparing surgery (FSS). Methods: A propensity score matching algorithm was performed between the BEP and PC groups. The χ2 test and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to compare the fertility outcome, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify risk factor of DFS. Results: We included 213 patients, 185 (86.9%) underwent BEP chemotherapy, and 28 (13.1%) underwent PC chemotherapy. The median age was 22 years (range, 8–44 years), and the median follow-up period was 63 months (range, 2–191 months). Fifty-one (29.3%) patients had a pregnancy plan, and 35 (85.4%) delivered successfully. In the before and after propensity score matching cohorts, there were no significant differences in spontaneous abortion, selective termination of pregnancy, during-pregnancy status, and live birth between the BEP and PC groups (p>0.05). Fourteen (6.6%) patients experienced recurrence, including 11 (5.9%) in the BEP group and 3 (10.7%) in the PC group. Four (1.9%) patients in the BEP group died. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant differences in DFS (p=0.328) and OS (p=0.446) between the BEP and PC groups, and the same survival results were observed in the after matching cohort. Conclusion The PC regimen is as safe as the BEP regimen for MOGCT patients with fertility preservation treatment, and no differences were observed in fertility and clinical prognosis.

Objective: To investigate dose-response associations between fluid overload (FO) and hospital mortality in patients with sepsis. Methods: The current cohort study was prospective and multicenter. Data were derived from the China Critical Care Sepsis Trial, which was conducted from January 2013 to August 2014. Patients aged≥18 years who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for at least 3 days were included. Fluid input/output, fluid balance, fluid overload (FO), and maximum FO (MFO) were calculated during the first 3 days of ICU admission. The patients were divided into three groups based on MFO values: MFO<5%L/kg, MFO 5%-10%L/kg, and MFO≥10% L/kg. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to predict time to death in hospital in the three groups. Associations between MFO and in-hospital mortality were evaluated via multivariable Cox regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: A total of 2 070 patients were included in the study, of which 1 339 were male and 731 were female, and the mean age was (62.6±17.9) years. Of 696 (33.6%) who died in hospital, 968 (46.8%) were in the MFO<5%L/kg group, 530 (25.6%) were in the MFO 5%-10%L/kg group, and 572 (27.6%) were in the MFO≥10%L/kg group. Deceased patients had significantly higher fluid input than surviving patients during the first 3 days [7 642.0 (2 874.3, 13 639.5) ml vs. 5 738.0 (1 489.0, 7 153.5)ml], and lower fluid output [4 086.0 (1 367.0, 6 354.5) ml vs. 6 130.0 (2 046.0, 11 762.0) ml]. The cumulative survival rates in the three groups gradually decreased with length of ICU stay, and they were 74.9% (725/968) in the MFO<5% L/kg group, 67.7% (359/530) in the MFO 5%-10%L/kg group, and 51.6% (295/572) in the MFO≥10%L/kg group. Compared with the MFO<5%L/kg group, the MFO≥10%L/kg group had a 49% increased risk of inhospital mortality (HR=1.49, 95%CI 1.28-1.73). For each 1% L/kg increase in MFO, the risk of in-hospital mortality increased by 7% (HR=1.07, 95% CI 1.05-1.09). There was a"J-shaped"non-linear association between MFO and in-hospital mortality with a nadir of 4.1% L/kg. Conclusion: Higher and lower optimum fluid balance levels were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality, as reflected by the observed J-shaped non-linear association between fluid overload and inhospital mortality.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Hospital Mortality ; Cohort Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance ; Sepsis ; Intensive Care Units ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of intermittent and persistent noise exposure-induced anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats. METHODS: The specific pathogen free male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, four times/day intermittent noise exposure group, two times/day intermittent noise exposure group and persistent noise exposure group, with 15 rats in each group. The rats in the control group were housed in natural environment(background noise ≤50 dB), and the rats in other three exposure groups were exposed to noise with intensity of(95±2) dB of 20 to 20 000 Hz noise for four hours per day for 14 days; rats in the four times/day intermittent noise exposure group entered a five-hour quiet period every one hours of noise exposure, four times/day; rats in the two times/day intermittent noise exposure group entered a 10-hour quiet period every two hours of noise exposure, two times/day; rats in the persistent noise exposure group entered a 20-hour quiet period every four hours of noise exposure. After exposure, anxiety like behavior was evaluated by open field test and elevated cross maze test. The depression like behavior was evaluated by sugar preference test and forced swimming test. The pathological changes of neurons in the hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and the ultrastructural changes of hippocampal tissues were observed by transmission electron microscope. Chemiluminescence and colorimetry were used to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS), malondialdehyde, glutathione(GSH) and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD). RESULTS: In the behavioral experiment, the percentage of exercise time in the central area decreased in the three noise exposure groups(all P<0.01). The exercise distance in the central area and sugar preference index decreased in the persistent noise exposure group(both P<0.01). The percentage of open arm exercise time and open arm exercise distance decreased in the two times/day intermittent noise exposure group and persistent noise exposure group compared with the control group(all P<0.01). The open arm distance of rats in the persistent noise exposure group were lower than those in the four times/day intermittent noise exposure group(P<0.05), while the immobility time was longer than in control group and the four times/day intermittent noise exposure group(both P<0.05). The HE staining showed that the neuronal spacing in CA1 area of the hippocampus of rats was significantly widened, and the pyramidal cells showed degeneration and necrosis in the persistent noise exposure group. There was no obvious necrosis found in the neurons of the other three groups. The ultrastructure of neurons showed that most mitochondria of cells in the hippocampus of rats in the two times/day intermittent noise exposure group were swollen. In the persistent noise exposure group, some neurons of the hippocampus of rats were necrotic, the cell membrane was discontinuous, the mitochondria were swollen, and the cristae were broken, dissolved or even disappeared. The mitochondrial structure of the hippocampus of rats in the other two groups was normal. The activity of SOD in the hippocampus of rats decreased in the four times/day intermittent noise exposure group(P<0.05), and the activity of SOD and the level of GSH in the hippocampus of rats decreased in the two times/day intermittent noise exposure group(both P<0.05), compared with the control group. The level of ROS and malondialdehyde in the hippocampus of rats in the persistent noise exposure group increased(all P<0.05), while the SOD activity and GSH level decreased(all P<0.05), compared with the other three groups. CONCLUSION: Intermittent noise exposure causes less anxiety and depression-like changes in rats than persistent noise exposure. Noise may cause anxiety and depression in rats through oxidative stress pathways.

Objective】 To explore the clinical application of the fifth edition of BI- RADS for the category of suspicious calcification. 【Methods】 Mammograms of patients with suspicious calcification from May 2012 to May 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. The morphology（amorphous，coarse heterogeneous，fine pleomorphic，fine linear or fine linear branching）and distribution（diffuse，regional，grouped，linear，segmental）of suspected calcification according to the fifth edition of the BI- RADS were analyzed. Taking pathology as the gold standard，the positive predictive value（PPV）of morphology，distribution and combination of morphology and distribution was calculated and compared with the PPV range of the fifth edition of BI- RADS. 【Results】 A total of 170 patients were included in the study，116 were benign，54 were malignant，and PPV was 31.8%（54/170）. In terms of morphology，amorphous，coarse heterogeneous， fine pleomorphic calcification were category 4B（10%