A new flavonoid glycoside, (-)-2S-8-methyl-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), along with five known ones, quercetin-3-O-(2"-galloyl)-α-L-arabinoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-arabinoside (3), guaijaverin (4), trifolin (5) and hyperin (6), was isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by NMR, HR-ESI-MS, CD spectra data and physicochemical methods. In addition, 2-6 were isolated from E. robusta for the first time.
Eucalyptus ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry

The traditional fermentation engineering experiment requires a reform on the experimental con-tents and teaching pattern. According to the production process of industrial enzymes, we set up a two-week comprehensive experiment. The students designed and prepared the experiment by themselves. Moreover, the pattern of self-management was used in the process and the experiment scores included the self-assess-ment and objective assessment. It was proved that the new teaching pattern increased the study interesting of students, inspired their initiative and trained their spirits of team cooperation. The teaching effect was im-proved markedly and good ideas are also put forward to solve the possible problem.

Objective To explore the reliability of Chinese simplified diagnostic method for acute drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) in diagnosis of acute DILI .Methods From 2008 to 2013 ,a total of 320 patients diagnosed with acute DILI were enrolled .The clinical data of them were collected .International recognized Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method (RUCAM ) was taken as control and then simplified diagnostic method for DILI in China was evaluated . Variance analysis was performed for statistical analysis .Gamma value of two diagnostic methods was calculated and the correlation was analyzed .Results Among the 320 patients with acute DILI ,according to RUCAM ,there were 39 cases (12 .19% ) with quite high probability ,193 with high probability (60 .31% ) ,74 with possibility (23 .12% ) ,11 with less possibility (3 .44% ) and three with no probability (0 .94% ) .According to simplified diagnostic method for acute DILI ,194 cases were diagnosed (60 .62% ) ,103 were suspicious (32 .19% ) and 23 were excluded (7 .19% ) .The RUCAM score of diagnosed group (7 .5 ± 1 .2) was higher than that of suspicious group (5 .3 ± 1 .3) and excluded group (2 .1 ± 1 .1) ,and the difference was statistically significant (F =239 .545 ,P< 0 .01) .The correlation analysis between these two diagnostic methods indicated that Gamma value was 0 .955 (P < 0 .01) .Conclusions The simplified diagnostic method for acute DILI in China is simple ,practical and consistent with RUCAM .It can be used as one of the clinical methods for screening acute DILI .

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetic and distribution of arctiin in rats. METHODS Each rat was given a single dose at random by oral administration. The arctiin in serum and organs were determined by use of RP-HPLC. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a 3P87 program. RESULTS After oral administration of arctiin at the dose of 300mg·kg-1, Arctiin plasma C-T curve conform to open two-compartment model. The Pharmacokinetic parameters were as follow: A=(37.374 5±8.964 7)μg·mL-1;B=(6.210 6±1.489 3)μg·mL-1;α=(0.004 3±0.000 9)min-1;β=(0.000 4±0.000 2)min-1;Kα=(0.420 2±0.167 5)min -1;t1/2α=(115.192 6±14.382 4)min ;t1/2β=(1 485.578 1±161.173 3)min;K10 =(0.001 0±0.000 4)min -1;K21=(0.001 4±0.000 6)min -1 ;K12=(0.002 3±0.001 3)min -1 ;Cmax=(41.786 3±7.521 7)μg·mL-1 ;Tmax=(9.891 9±4.341 4)min;AUC=(22 503.272 7±4 120.182 8)μg·min·mL-1. Liver had the highest concentration of arctiin after oral administration. CONCLUSION RP-HPLC method is rapid, sensitive and specific for the research of arctiin pharmacokinetic and its distribution in rats. Arctiin is distributed and eliminated quickly in rats.

OBJECTIVE To study influence of arctiin from seeds of Arctium lappa on hemorheology of experimental rats with the blood stasis syndrone. METHODS The blood hemorheology parameters, Fib, aPTT and PT of experimental rats with the blood stasis syndrone were evaluated using semi-automatic biochemical analysis. RESULTS Arctiin obviously decreased their high shear, middle shear, low shear, the blood viscosity, red blood cell aggregation index, red blood cell rigidity index and reductive viscosity. It also significantly prolonged the time of aPTT and PT and lowed the Fib concentration. CONCLUSION Arctiin apparently ameliorated the blood rheology abnormality and enhanced anti-coagulation effect on experimental rats with the blood stasis.

OBJECTIVETo identify the differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) between esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESC) and adjacent non-tumorous tissue (NT).

METHODSThe expression levels of the miRNAs were detected in 3 fresh ESC and NT samples by hybridization with miRNAs microarray chip. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to confirm the results of the microarray analysis. The expressions of hsa-miR-126 and hsa-miR-518b in ESC were validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in another independent 15 matched samples.

RESULTSA total of 11 miRNAs exhibited differential expressions in ESC samples as compared to their expressions in the NT samples, including a 1 up-regulated miRNA and 10 down-regulated miRNAs. Compared with normal esophageal samples, the ESC tissues showed up-regulated hsa-miR-126 and down-regulated hsa-miR-518b expression.

CONCLUSIONhsa-miR-126 and hsa-miR-518b are differentially expressed in ESC, and they might play important roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of ESC.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; pathology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; methods ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of Yangxue Qingnao granule (YXQNG) in treating chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency (CCI) and its possible mechanism.

METHODSEighty-three patients with CCI were randomly divided into YXQNG and nimodipine (ND) groups, the score of vertigo and the change in cerebral blood velocity before and after treatment were observed. And in the animal experiment, the authors adopted bilateral ligation of cervical carotid communis artery to establish CCI rat models in order to observe the effect of YXQNG and ND on incubation period of vertigo in rats and on memory performance.

RESULTSAfter clinical treatment, the vertigo score of YXQNG group was 2.34, and that of the ND group was 4.18, the comparison between the two groups showed that the difference was significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the middle cerebral artery mean velocity (MCA Vm) of YXQNG group was 64.78 cm/s, vertebral artery mean velocity (VA Vm) was 29.78 cm/s, while that of ND group was 60.34 cm/s and 23.23 cm/s respectively, the comparison between these two groups showing statistical significance and the difference being obvious (P < 0.05). Experimental study showed that the rats in the model group after 12 weeks learning and memory were markedly lowered, the vertigo incubation period significantly lengthened, and compared with that of the model group, learning and memory of the YXQNG group was markedly improved and vertigo incubation period shortened, with the difference from that of the ND group insignificant, P > 0.05.

CONCLUSIONYXQNG could effectively improve CCI patients' vertigo and other clinical symptoms and increase the cerebral blood flow, lessen the vertigo incubation of model group rats, elevate model group rats' memory performance.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; drug effects ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; drug effects ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; complications ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Nimodipine ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vasodilator Agents ; therapeutic use ; Vertigo ; etiology ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution of GAD67 and the co-localization with bNOS in the main olfactory bulb of GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction was applied to identify the genotype of GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse, the animals were sacrificed and frozen sections of olfactory bulb were prepared. The Nissl-staining was performed to show an framework of the neuron in the olfactory bulb. The distribution of GAD67 and co-localization with bNOS were detected by immunofluorescence technique.

RESULTSThe proportion of GAD67-positive cells among DAPI-positive cells were (42.98 ± 0.92)% in glomerular layer, (23.64 ± 0.84)% in mitral cell layer and (77.75 ± 0.84)% in granule cell layer; the bNOS-positive cells mainly existed in glomerular layer and mitral cell layer, very few in granule cell layer. No co-localization of GAD67 and bNOS in granule cell layer and mitral cell layer was found, but there was dispersed distribution in glomerular layer.

CONCLUSIONGAD67-positive neurons mainly appear in glomerular layer and granule cell layer, and the bNOS is mostly expressed in glomerular layer and mitral cell layer; while the co-localization of GAD67 and bNOS only occurs in glomerular layer of olfactory bulb.

Animals ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; metabolism ; Olfactory Bulb ; metabolism ; Tissue Distribution

UNLABELLEDTo screen and analyze the apoptosis- and proliferation-related genes in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODSAccording to gene ontology classification, the abnormal expressions of the genes related to cell apoptosis and proliferation were identified in the NPC gene chip data. The cell apoptosis- and proliferation-related genes expressed in each of the 3 stages, as defined by the tree model for the pathogenesis and progression of NPC, were screened, and with literature review, their distribution in the tree model were analyzed.

RESULTSNineteen genes related to cell apoptosis were found in NPC, among which 9 were down-regulated (such as DNASE1L3) and located in the chromosome deletion regions, and 10 were up-regulated (such as DEDD) in the chromosome amplification regions. Twenty-one cell proliferation-related genes were identified, including 8 down-regulated genes (such as TUSC2) in the chromosome deletion regions and 13 up-regulated ones (such as EMP1) in the chromosome amplification regions. In the chromosome deletion regions, the down-regulated cell apoptosis-related genes participated mostly in inducing and regulating cell apoptosis, and the up-regulated cell proliferation-related genes in the chromosome amplification regions were mostly associated with the positive regulation of cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONNPC occurs possibly through two pathways by inhibiting cell apoptosis or by promoting excessive cell proliferation.

Apoptosis ; genetics ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromosome Deletion ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo study the metabolic chemistry and pharmaco-dynamics characters of ligan from seeds of Arctium lappa.

METHODHPLC method was used in the study. The analysis was carried out on C18 column. The mobile phase was CH3CN-0.05% H3PO4 (36:64) with flow-rate at 0.6 mL x min(-1) and wave-length of 210 nm. The column temperature was kept at 25 degrees C.

RESULTThe results indicated that the ligan was detected in plasma and the main organs 5 min after po. The main metabolic production in plasma was arctigenin. In addition, arctigenin and an unknown product were found in metabolic production in the organs.

CONCLUSIONThe method was stable,simple and reproducible. It can be used to determine the metabolic product of the ligan. The metabolic chemistry of ligan in plasma was obviously different from that in the main organs.

Animals ; Arctium ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Furans ; blood ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; blood ; metabolism ; Lignans ; blood ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Tissue Distribution