PURPOSE: To elucidate the anti-oxidant effect of extract fractions from Xanthium strumarium L. on lens protein by crosslinking assay. METHODS: [(1 4)C] N-formyl-lysine was synthesized and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The crosslinking activities of extract fractions(Xan Crude, Xan CHCl3, Xan EtAc and Xan H2O) to lens protein were determined by incorporation with [(14)C] N-formyl-lysine. RESULTS: It was observed that Xan Crude, Xan CHCl3, and Xan EtAc extracted from Xanthium strumarium L. showed approximately 10% of antioxidant effect whereas Xan H2O showed no effect by crosslinking assay. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the crosslinking assay described in this study can be developed as a potential tool to screen the anti-oxidant effect rapidly and accurately compared to MTT assay. The result was compared to MTT assay using Human Lens epithelial cell line.
Antioxidants ; Cataract ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Xanthium*

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Xanthium mongolicum.

METHODThe compounds were isolated with column chromatography. The structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques.

RESULTEight compounds were isolated from X. mongolicum, four compounds are sesquiterpene lactones, two compounds are triterpenes and two compounds are lignins. Their structure elucidated as xanthatin (1), xanthinosin (2), 11alpha, 13-dihydroxanthatin (3), atractylenolide III (4), oleanolic acid (5), ursolic acid (6), lignocellulose (7), balanophonin (8).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 3-8 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Sesquiterpene lactones (1-3) had shown the induction hindrance activeness of the (ICAM-1), but the activitiy of 3 was weaker.

To elucidate the antioxidant effect of Xanthium strumarium L., a fruit of Dokomari or Daekori, which is a family of chrysanthemum on the H2O2-mediated cellualr damage, we examined the effect of Xanthium strumarium L. extraction fractions on survival of human lens epithelia, HLE B-3 cells by using cell culture system. H2O2-mediated cellualr death and its IC5 0, with approximately 100 micrometer H2O2 were determined by using MTT assay. The HLE B-3 cells pretreated with Xanthium strumarium L. extract fractions, were incubated with 100 micrometer H2O2, and in order to assess the cell viability the cultures were incubated with MTT solution. Among Xanthium strumarium L. extract fractions, Xan crude fraction, Xan CHCl3 fraction, and Xan EtAc fraction have antioxidant activity at the concentrations of 500 ng/ml, 1 microgram/ml and 100 ng/ml, respectively. These effects were statistically significant(p<0.05). Also, the fact that only the frations extracted with organic solvents have antioxidant activity suggests that the active components from the extract have hydrophobic property.
Antioxidants ; Cataract ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Survival ; Chrysanthemum ; Epithelial Cells* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress ; Solvents ; Xanthium*

Xanthii Fructus is a traditional medicine for the treatment of nasal diseases in clinic, mainly come from the burs of Xanthium sibiricum with a worldwide distribution. By sorting and studying literature of Chinese medicine and comparing different figures recorded with the morphological description of several species from Xanthium (Asteraceae) in the Flora of China, combining the biological investigation in resource survey, the article pointed out that the burs or the whole herbs of X. mongolicum, as well as X. sibiricum, has been used by the traditional Chinese medicine in ancient time. It provides a reference for further studies in the future.
China ; Herbal Medicine ; history ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Xanthium ; anatomy & histology ; classification

This study was carried out to investigate the chemical constituents from Xanthii Fructus(the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum). The compounds were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and ODS chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Base on HR-ESI-MS, NMR and other spectral data, their structures were identified. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced macrophage RAW264.7 as a screening model. A total of twenty-one compounds were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of 95% ethanol extract and identified as uracil(1), thymine(2), uridine(3), indole-3-carbaldehyde(4), indole-3-carboxylic acid(5), 2'-O-methyluridine(6), guanosine(7), 2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione(8), 3-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)indolin-2-one(9), nicotinamide(10), N-acetyl-L-phenylalaninol(11), heliolactam(12), terresoxazine(13), caudatin(14), qingyangshengenin(15), caudatin-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(16), caudatin-3-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(17), caudatin-3-O-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(18), qinyangshengenin-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(19), qinyangshengenin-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-digitoxopyranoside(20), rostratamine-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside(21). Compounds 5-21 are obtained from genus Xanthium for the first time. Compounds 12 and 13 indirectly exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with IC_(50) values of(15.45±0.56) and(20.14±0.78) μmol·L~(-1), respectively.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fruit ; Glycosides ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Xanthium

Xanthii Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of sinusitis and headache,rich in medicinal materials and is widely used for more than 1 800 years. Modern pharmacological studies have showed that Xanthii Fructus has anti-inflammatory,analgesic,anti-tumor,anti-bacterial,hypoglycemic,anti-allergic,immunomodulatory and other pharmacological effects,which can be commonly used in the treatment of diseases relating to immune abnormalities,such as rheumatoid arthritis,acute and chronic rhinitis,allergic rhinitis,and skin diseases,with a high medicinal value. Toxicological studies have shown that Xanthii Fructus poisoning can cause substantial damage to organs,such as the liver,kidney,and gastrointestinal tract,especially to liver. Because of the coexisting of its efficacy and toxicity,Xanthii Fructus often leads to a series of safety problems in the clinical application process. This study attempts to summarize its characteristics of adverse reactions,analyze the root cause of the toxicity of Xanthii Fructus from such aspects as processing,dose,course of treatment and eating by mistake,discuss the substance of its efficacy/toxicity from chemical compositions,and put forward exploratory thinking about how to promote its clinical rational application from the aspects such as strict processing,reasonable compatibility,medication information,contraindication,strict control of the dose,and course of treatment,so as to promote the safe and reasonable application of Xanthii Fructus.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Fruit/toxicity* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Xanthium/toxicity*

This study was establish an UPLC fingerprint of Xanthii Fructus from different habitats, to provide a comprehensive evaluation for its quality control. UPLC-PDA was adopted to analysis of 26 baches of Xanthii Fructus from different habitats. The chromatographic condition was as follow: ACQUITY BEH C18 Column (2.1 mm x 100 mm,1.7 microm) eluted with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid water in gradient mode. The flow rate was 0.25 mL x min(-1) and the detection wavelength was set at 220 nm. The fingerprints of 26 batches Xanthii Fructus were carried out by similarity comparation, cluster and the principal component analysis (PCA). There were nineteen common peaks, nine of which had been identified, and the similarity degrees of the twenty-six batches of the samples were between 0.804 and 0.990. All the samples were classified into six categories, and the PCA value of each fingerprint peak was calculated, and six principal components accounted for over 81. 140% of the total variance were extracted from the original data This method can be used to assess the quality of Xanthii Fructus.
China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Ecosystem ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Xanthium ; chemistry

Through the methods of polyamide resin， Sephadex LH-20， ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC etc.， 7 compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the fruits of Xanthium chinense. Based on ESI-MS and NMR data， the structures of these compounds were identified as pungiolide O(1)， grasshopper ketone(2)， icariside F₂(3)， 7-[(β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxymethy]-8，8-dimethyl-4，8-dihydrobenzo[1，4]thiazine-3，5-dione(4)，(6R，9S)-3-oxo-α-ionol β-D-glucopyranoside(5)， cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester(6)， and chlorogenic acid methyl ester(7). Among them， compound 1 is a new compound.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Phytochemicals ; isolation & purification ; Sesquiterpenes ; isolation & purification ; Xanthium ; chemistry

BACKGROUND: Xanthium stramarium (XAS) and Psoralea corylifolia (PSC), phototoxic oriental medicinal plants, has been used in traditional medicines in Asian countries. OBJECTIVE: The effects of highly purified XAS or PSC extract combined with ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) irradiation on cell proliferation and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression of the keloid fibroblast were being investigated to define potential therapeutic uses for keloid treatments. METHODS: The keloid fibroblasts were treated with XAS or PSC alone or in the combination with UVA1 irradiation. The cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of TGF-beta1 and collagen I were investigated. RESULTS: XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts. Furthermore, the XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation inhibited TGF-beta1 expression and collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: These findings may open up the possibility of clinically used XAS or PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation for keloid treatments.
Apoptosis ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Collagen ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Keloid ; Plants, Medicinal ; Psoralea ; Therapeutic Uses ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Xanthium

BACKGROUND: Xanthium stramarium (XAS) and Psoralea corylifolia (PSC), phototoxic oriental medicinal plants, has been used in traditional medicines in Asian countries. OBJECTIVE: The effects of highly purified XAS or PSC extract combined with ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) irradiation on cell proliferation and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression of the keloid fibroblast were being investigated to define potential therapeutic uses for keloid treatments. METHODS: The keloid fibroblasts were treated with XAS or PSC alone or in the combination with UVA1 irradiation. The cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of TGF-beta1 and collagen I were investigated. RESULTS: XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts. Furthermore, the XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation inhibited TGF-beta1 expression and collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: These findings may open up the possibility of clinically used XAS or PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation for keloid treatments.
Apoptosis ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Collagen ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Keloid ; Plants, Medicinal ; Psoralea ; Therapeutic Uses ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Xanthium