Objective: To understand the association between non suicidal self injury and self control among rural junior high school students in Guizhou Province, and to provide reference for the development of prevention and control measures. Methods: Using a multistage stratified random cluster sampling method, a questionnaire survey was administered to 4 452 junior high school students in 30 rural schools in Guizhou Province from November to December 2021 to investigate non suicidal self injury and self control using the Non suicidal Self Injury Scale and the Self Control Scale. Results: A total of 986 (22.2%) students had occasional non suicidal self injurious behaviors, 593 (13.3%) students reported frequent non suicidal self injury, and the occurrence of non suicidal self injury among junior high school students varied significantly by gender, grade, only child, residence, left behind experiences, academic performance, academic pressure, parent child relationship, peer relationship, teacher student relationship, and exposure to domestic violence ( χ 2=6.97-168.68, P <0.05); the average score of self control among junior high school students in rural Guizhou Province was 48.0 (39.0, 57.0), and the differences in self control scores, impulse control, healthy habits, resist temptation, focus on work, and moderate entertainment were of statistical significance among students with varied frequency of self injurious behavior ( Z=612.08, 464.64, 193.10, 228.86, 194.04 , 542.20, P <0.05); high self control score was associated with more non suicidal self injurious behavior ( OR=1.06, 95%CI=1.05-1.07, P <0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of non suicidal self injury is high among rural junior high school students in Guizhou province, and self control shows a predictive effect on non suicidal self injurious behavior.Schools, families and relevant government departments should pay full attention to it and formulate targeted prevention and control measures.