Background and objective As the prevalence of tobacco and the aging of the population, the incidence of lung cancer in the elderly rises. However, few elderly patients (older than 70 years old) with lung squamous cell carcinoma were involved into the clinical trials, which offered insuffcient clinical evidence for these patients. Lung squamous cell carcino-ma patients older than 80 years old were included in our study to analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognostic factors, and to explore the optimal treatment choices for these patients.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical fea-tures of 38 elderly patients with lung squamous carcinoma and summarized the treatment under the clear diagnosis and clini-cal staging.Results Elderly patients with squamous cell carcinoma can choose surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy based on diagnosis and clinical staging when their physical condition is permitted.Conclusion Because of the short life expectancy of patients more than 80 years old, fewer of them could receive completed and effective treatment, comparing with patients between 70 and 80 years old.

Objective To observe the safety and short?term efficacy of sigle drug albumin?bound paclitaxel (ABP) in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non?small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A total of 23 elderly patients with advanced NSCLC who received weekly ABP regimen (130 mg/m2/week) in our hospital from October 2011 to March 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. The short?term efficacy, progression?free survival ( PFS) , and overall survival ( OS) were analyzed. Results The median treatment period was 4 cycles (2?10 cycles). Partial response, stable disease, progressive disease, overall response rate, and disease control rate were 26.1%, 43.5%, 30.4%, 26.1% and 69.6%, respectively. The median PFS was 5.33 months (95% CI:2.95?7.70 months), while the median OS was 40.33 months (95% CI:29.82?50.83 months). Major adverse events included leucopenia (82.6%), neutropenia (78.3%), nausea or vomiting (56.5%), fatigue (52.2%), peripheral neuropathy (26.1%), myalgia/arthralgia (30.4%), thrombocytopenia ( 13. 0%) and arrhythmia ( 4. 3%) . The patients accompanied with chronic diseases had significantly higher incidence rate of peripheral neuropathy and myalgia/arthralgia compared with the patients without accompanied chronic diseases ( 50. 0% vs. 9. 1% and 66. 7% vs. 9. 1%, P<0. 05 for both ) . Conclusion The weekly single drug ABP regimen is effective and well?tolerated in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.

Objective To observe the safety and short?term efficacy of sigle drug albumin?bound paclitaxel (ABP) in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non?small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A total of 23 elderly patients with advanced NSCLC who received weekly ABP regimen (130 mg/m2/week) in our hospital from October 2011 to March 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. The short?term efficacy, progression?free survival ( PFS) , and overall survival ( OS) were analyzed. Results The median treatment period was 4 cycles (2?10 cycles). Partial response, stable disease, progressive disease, overall response rate, and disease control rate were 26.1%, 43.5%, 30.4%, 26.1% and 69.6%, respectively. The median PFS was 5.33 months (95% CI:2.95?7.70 months), while the median OS was 40.33 months (95% CI:29.82?50.83 months). Major adverse events included leucopenia (82.6%), neutropenia (78.3%), nausea or vomiting (56.5%), fatigue (52.2%), peripheral neuropathy (26.1%), myalgia/arthralgia (30.4%), thrombocytopenia ( 13. 0%) and arrhythmia ( 4. 3%) . The patients accompanied with chronic diseases had significantly higher incidence rate of peripheral neuropathy and myalgia/arthralgia compared with the patients without accompanied chronic diseases ( 50. 0% vs. 9. 1% and 66. 7% vs. 9. 1%, P<0. 05 for both ) . Conclusion The weekly single drug ABP regimen is effective and well?tolerated in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.

Background and objectiveSmall cell lung cancer combined with squamous cell carcinoma are rare. hTe aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment, and explored the prognostic factors of this disease.MethodsBetween January 2004 and December 2012, 58 patients with cytopathologically conifrmed small cell lung cancers combined with squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed.Kaplan-Meier methods were used to calculate the survival rate, andLog-rank test was used to examine differences between arms. hTeCox regression model was used to analyze the independent factors affecting the overall survival (OS).Results hTe OS of the 58 patients was 22.7 months with a range of 0.3 to 124.3 months. In univariate analysis, Karnofsky performance score before treatment, extensive disease, tumor stage were the considered prognostic factors affecting the OS rate (P<0.05).Cox multivariate analysis showed that only the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage was the independent prognostic factor (P=0.019). hTe majority of the patients received multimodality therapy and chemotherapy was the main treatment. Distant metastasis was the main reasonfor the treatment failure.ConclusionCombined therapy with chemotherapy as the main treatment should be adopted in therapeutic regimen of the patients with small cell lung cancers combined with squamous cell carcinoma. TNM stage was the independent prognos-tic factor inlfuencing the OS.

Background and objective Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common pathological type of non-small cell lung cancer, and advanced lung SCC is incurable. Chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenesis agents can pro-long the patients’ survival time. hTe aim of the study was to analyze the effcacy and safety of recombinant human endostatin (Endostar) in treating advanced lung SCC.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the short-term efficacy and toxicity of recombinant human endostatin combined with traditional chemotherapy regimens in treating 15 advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma patients in Department of Medical Oncology retrospectively, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from November 2011 to May 2015. Treatment-related survival was also analyzed.Results Among the evaluble 14 patients, the best overall response was partial response in 5 patients (35.7%), stable disease in 7 patients (50.0%), and progres-sive disease in 2 patients (14.3%). hTe objective response rate (ORR) was 35.7%, and disease control rate (DCR) was 85.7%. hTe median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.3 months. hTe main grade 3 toxicity was neutropenia (2/15, 13.3%) and vomitting (1/15, 6.7%).Conclusion Chemotherapy combined with recombinant human endostatin enabled good objective response in advanced SCC patients and had well security.

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in the worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung tumor diagnoses. Squamous cell lung cancer (SQCLC) is a common pathological type, almost 20%-30% of NSCLC. Surgery, chemotherapy, and molecular targeted therapies are the mainstay of treatment for patients with SQCLC. But most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage so that they miss the chance of operation. While noteworthy outcomes have im-proved with adenocarcinoma of lung with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), a thera-peutic plateau for advanced squamous cell lung cancer patients are still not solved. EGFR-TKIs are unsuitable for or mostly in-effective in advanced SQCLC. Patients with advanced SQCLC ramain treated with platinum based chemotherapy. hTis reciew systematicly describe the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Background and objective Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common malignancy that is incurable. No standard treatment exists for recurrent patients. hTis article analyzed the effcacy and safety of sunitinib (37.5 mg qd) on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule in treating recurrent advanced NSCLC. Methods We retrospec-tively analyzed the short-term effcacy and toxicity of sunitinib CDD in treating 17 patients who had previously undergone multiple cycles of therapy for advanced NSCLC in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2012. Treatment-related survival was also analyzed. Results Among the 17 patients, the best overall response was partial response in 1 patient (5.9%), stable disease in 7 patients (41.2%), and progressive disease in 9 patients (52.9%). hTe overall response rate was 5.9%, and the disease control rate was 47.1%. hTe median progression-free survival was 4.4 months (95%CI:4.05-7.46). hTe main grade 3/4 toxicity was hand-foot skin reaction. Conclusion Sunitinib (37.5 mg QD) CDD enabled good objective response in advanced NSCLC patients who had previously received multiple cycles of treatment and was well tolerated.

Background and objective hTe epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been widely used in the treatment of the advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in the adeno-carcinoma patients with activating EGFR mutations. But there is no published overview of the following treatment. hTis report through observing the efficacy, toxicity and overall survival of different treatments to the advanced NSCLC patients who had gradual progression atfer EGFR-TKIs, evaluates the inlfuence of the continued treatment and switching chemotherapy. Methods Retrospective review is conducted on 32 cases of advanced NSCLC patients who experienced treatment failure of EGFR-TKIs. One group accepted the continued treatment and the other group accepted the switching chemotherapy. Results hTe median overall survival of the continued treatment group is 36.0 months. hTe respose rate of the switching chemotherapy group is 43.75%, and clinical benefit rate (complete and partial response and stable disease) is 87.5%. The median overall survival is 15.5 months. hTe main toxicities are nausea, vomiting and hematological toxicities. Conclusion For the advanced NSCLC patients who had gradual progression atfer EGFR-TKIs, the continued treatment is one of the acceptable choices.

Background and objective Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhinitors (EGFR-TKIs) inhibit tumor growth by affecting signal transduction, and are well tolerated. hTe aims of this study was to observe the effect of erlotinib in patients with squamous cell lung cancer.Methods hTe 34 patients with squamous cell lung cancer treated with er-lotinib 150 mg orally once daily until disease progression or intolerable adverse reactions.Results hTe 7 patients were treated with erlotinib as ifrst-line treatment, 6 patients as maintenance therapy (1 case withdrawal of severe toxicity), 9 patients second-line treatment, 5 patients as third-line and 7 patients as further-line therapy. 11 patients died. hTe median progression-free sur-vival (PFS) was 3.5 months, ranging from 1 month to 55 months (the patient withdrawal of severe toxicity was not included). Conclusion Erlotinib was effective for patients with squamous cell lung cancer who can not tolerate chemotherapy or refused chemotherapy and with unknown EGFR status. Adverse reactions were tolerable.

Patients with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) who harbor drive gene mutation will inevitably develop drug resistance after receiving targeted therapy. The common mechanisms of drug resistance include secondary mutation of driver gene, change of non-driver gene, histological transformation and epithelial mesenchymal transformation. Histological transformation includes the transformation from lung ADC to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and so on. Histological transformation not only has a negative impact on the quality of patients' life, but also poses great challenges to the follow-up treatment of patients. However the mechanism of transformation is still incomplete. This article will review the research results on the mechanism of histological transformation and the selection of treatment strategies.