Objective: To understand the effect of pregnancyrelated anxiety on preschool childrens executive functions(EFs) and gender difference in order to optimize the early development environment of offspring life. Methods: This study was based on the ChinaAnhui Birth Cohort Study. Pregnant women from Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in Maanshan, Anhui province between October 2008 and October 2010 were recruited. The general information of pregnant women and the pregnancyrelated anxiety were collected prospectively in the first trimester of pregnancy. A cohort of 3 556 children aged 3-5 were followed up and their basic characteristics were collected. Executive function of preschool children was assessed by Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive FunctionPreschool Version(BRIEF) (parent version). Results: In boys, compared with the control group, pregnancyrelated anxiety in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with the risk of abnormality in working memory, planning/organization and GEC[OR(95%CI)=1.40(1.06-1.85), 1.64(1.06-2.54), 1.89(1.27-2.82)]. Anxiety in the both trimesters of pregnancy was associated with the risk of abnormality in inhibition, working memory, planning/organization and GEC[OR(95%CI)=2.60(1.45-4.67), 2.45(1.69-3.57), 2.23(1.28-3.88), 3.27(2.03-5.28)]. In girls, pregnancyrelated anxiety in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with the risk of abnormality in inhibition and working memory[OR(95%CI)=1.79(1.13-2.83), 1.45(1.07-1.98)]. Anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with the risk of abnormality in inhibition[OR(95%CI)=2.26(1.17-4.38)]. Anxiety in both trimesters of pregnancy was associated with the risk of abnormality in inhibition and working memory[OR(95%CI)=2.45(1.40-4.28), 2.02(1.35-3.01)]. Conclusion Pregnancyrelated anxiety significantly affected the executive function of preschool children, and there was a significant doseresponse relationship. Pregnancyrelated anxiety primarily affects working memory, planning/organization and GEC function in boys, and the working memory, inhibition function in girls.