Objective: To compare the time and spatial distribution of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases and its correlation, in China from 2012 to 2017. Methods: Data on reported hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases was gathered from the Direct Reporting System of Infectious Diseases Information Network in China, 2012 to 2017 while annually collected provincial data was based on the date of review and current address. Correlation of the data was analyzed, using both simple correlation and linear regression methods. Results: The number of reported cases of hepatitis C remained stable in China, in 2012-2017, with the number of annual reported cases as 201 622, 203 155, 202 803, 207 897, 206 832 and 214 023, respectively. The number of reported cases on HIV/AIDS showed a steady growing trend, from 82 434, 90 119, 103 501, 115 465, 124 555 to 134 512. However, the numbers of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases were in the same, top six provinces: Henan, Guangdong, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Hunan and Yunnan. Results from the simple correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation (r>0.5, P<0.01) existed between the above-said two kinds of cases at the provincial level in China, in 2012-2017. Again, results from the linear regression analysis also showed that the correlation coefficient r(s) and year was strongly correlated (r=0.966) while r(s) had been linearly increasing with time. Conclusions: Our data showed that there were temporal and spatial correlations existed between the reported cases of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS at the provincial level, suggesting that relevant prevention and control programs be carried out in areas with serious epidemics. Combination of the two strategies should be encouraged, especially on prevention and treatment measures related to blood transmission.
Age Distribution ; China/epidemiology* ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV Infections/ethnology* ; Hepatitis C/ethnology* ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Spatial Analysis ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Young Adult

Objective: To understand the distribution and trends in 30-day coronary heart disease (CHD) case fatality rate in patients hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Beijing during 2007-2012. Methods: The clinical data of patients hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012 were collected from "The Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in Beijing" . A total of 77 943 local patients aged ≥25 years were hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing during the this period. After excluding duplicate records and validation for the completeness and accuracy of the records, the clinical characteristics of the patients and 30-day CHD case fatality rate in the patients were analyzed. Trends in 30-day CHD case fatality rate in the patients were analyzed with Poisson regression models. Results: The age-standardized average 30-day CHD case fatality rate was 9.7% in the 77 943 patients. During this period, a decreasing trend was observed in 30-day CHD case fatality rate after adjusting for age and gender (P<0.001). The age-standardized 30-day CHD case fatality rate decreased by 16.0%, from 10.8% in 2007 to 9.0% in 2012. The decreases of 30-day CHD case fatality rates were noted in both men and women, whereas 30-day CHD case fatality rate was higher in women (14.1%) than in men (7.6%) after adjusting for age. During this period, the proportion of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) decreased, while the proportion of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) increased with year. A significant decline (20.1%) in 30-day case fatality rate of STEMI was found, but no decline was found for 30-day mortality rate of NSTEMI. Conclusion: A decreasing trend in 30-day CHD case fatality rate was observed in the patients aged ≥25 years and hospitalized due to AMI in Beijing during 2007-2012, indicating the improvement in short-term prognosis of patients hospitalized due to AMI. Our findings highlight the urgent need to improve the treatment for woman and NSTEMI patients.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Coronary Disease/mortality* ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitalization/trends* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction/mortality* ; Prognosis ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors

Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and identify the high risk areas of pulmonary tuberculosis at the township level in Beijing during 2005-2015. Methods: Data on pulmonary tuberculosis cases was collected from the tuberculosis information management system. Global autocorrelation analysis, local indicators of spatial association and Kulldorff's Scan Statistics were applied to map the spatial distribution and detect the space-time clusters of the pulmonary tuberculosis cases during 2005-2015. Results: Spatial analysis on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis at the township level demonstrated that the spatial autocorrelation was positive during the study period. The values of Moran's I ranged from 0.224 3 to 0.291 8 with all the P values less than 0.05. Hotspots were primarily distributed in 8 towns/streets as follows: Junzhuang, Wangping, Yongding and Tanzhesi in Mentougou district, Yancun in Fangshan district, Wangzuo town in Fengtai district, Tianqiao street in Xicheng district and Tianzhu town in Shunyi district. Spatiotemporal clusters across the entire study period were identified by using Kulldorff's spatiotemporal scan statistic. The primary cluster was located in Chaoyang and Shunyi districts, including 17 towns/streets, as follows: Cuigezhuang, Maizidian, Dongfeng, Taiyanggong, Zuojiazhuang, Hepingjie, Xiaoguan, Xiangheyuan, Dongba, Jiangtai, Wangjing, Jinzhan, Jiuxianqiao, Laiguangying, Sunhe towns/streets in Chaoyang district, Houshayu and Tianzhu town in Shunyi district, during January to December 2005. Conclusion: Incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis displayed spatial and temporal clusterings at the township level in Beijing during 2005-2015, with high risk areas relatively concentrated in the central and southern parts of Beijing.
Beijing ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Spatial Analysis ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/ethnology*

Humans ; Erdheim-Chester Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/surgery* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and trend of diabetes mellitus among Chinese adults during the past thirty years. Methods: Papers, published before October 1, 2017 and related to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Chinese adults, were searched through PubMed, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Digital Database and VIP Citation Databases. Stata 13.0 software was used to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, with pooled prevalence calculated based on random effects. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on time, sex, areas and body mass index groups of investigation. Continuous fractional polynomial regression model on the midpoint of each survey period, weighted by the number of participants in each study, was used to estimate and illustrate the trends of prevalence of diabetes over the years. Results: In total, 15 studies were included and two of them were excluded in the primary analysis with the age limitation of participants as ≥40 years old, for recruitment. The average prevalence of diabetes among Chinese adults was 6.3% (95%CI: 4.6%-8.0%), during the past thirty years. The pooled prevalence appeared higher in urban than in rural areas and higher in men than in women. Between 1980 and 2013, the increase of Chinese diabetes prevalence did not follow the linear trend. Before 2000, the average prevalence showed as 3.5% (95%CI: 2.0%-4.9%), with an annual increase rate as 0.17%. Since 2000, the average annual prevalence of diabetes mellitus had appeared around 8.0% (95%CI: 6.0%-10.1%), with an annual growth rate of 0.72% (95%CI: 0.34%-1.10%). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes in Chinese adults had been rapidly increasing since the year 2000, indicating that efforts should be strengthened for diabetes prevention, in China.
Adult ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/ethnology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Sex Distribution ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Humans ; Lymph Nodes/pathology* ; Lymph Node Excision ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Dissection

Humans ; Sarcoma ; Transcription Factors ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion

Objective: To explore the relationship between environmental factors as urinary cadmium and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults. Methods: Case-control study was adopted, including 166 cases and 427 controls. General characteristics of the subjects were collected by a structured questionnaire. FPG, biochemical indexes and urinary cadmium (UCd) were detected respectively, while UCd was corrected with creatinine. Unconditioned logistic regression model was applied to analyze the relationship between UCd and DM. Results: Levels of UCd appeared higher in cases with the following characteristics as: having primary school education (P=0.016), being female (P=0.013), being non-smokers (P=0.014) or non-alcoholic (P=0.025), and with BMI>25.00 kg/m(2) (P=0.040, P=0.025) than those appeared in the control group. Same results were shown in the 60-69 years (P=0.024) old group. Data from the unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that family history of DM (OR=3.19, 95%CI: 1.45-7.03), education status (OR=1.50,95%CI: 1.08-2.08) and UCd (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.08-2.41) were influencing factors on DM. Conclusion: A close association between UCd and DM was noticed. UCd appeared a risk factor on DM that called for setting up related prevention program to reduce the exposure of Cd and to control the risk on DM.
Adult ; Cadmium/urine* ; Case-Control Studies ; China/epidemiology* ; Creatinine ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

Objective: To investigate the gene mutation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter in inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder and its significance in differential diagnosis. Methods: From March 2016 to February 2022, a total of 32 patients with inverted urothelial lesions diagnosed in Department of Pathology at Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital and 24 patients at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected, including 7 cases of florid glandular cystitis, 13 cases of inverted urothelial papilloma, 8 cases of inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, 17 cases of low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, 5 cases of high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed for their clinical data and histopathological features. TERT promoter mutations were analyzed by Sanger sequencing in all the cases. Results: No mutations in the TERT promoter were found in the florid glandular cystitis and inverted urothelial papilloma. The mutation rates of the TERT promoter in inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low grade non-invasive inverter urothelial carcinoma, high grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma and nested subtype urothelial carcinoma were 1/8, 8/17, 2/5 and 6/6, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mutation rate of TERT promoter among inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P>0.05). All 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were found to harbor the mutation, which was significantly different from inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential and non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P<0.05). In terms of mutation pattern, 13/17 of TERT promoter mutations were C228T, 4/17 were C250T. Conclusions: The morphology combined with TERT promoter mutation detection is helpful for the differential diagnosis of bladder non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions.
Humans ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics* ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology* ; Urinary Bladder/pathology* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Retrospective Studies ; Mutation ; Cystitis/genetics* ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/diagnosis* ; Papilloma/diagnosis* ; Telomerase/genetics*

Alcohol Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Menstruation ; Middle Aged ; Shift Work Schedule ; Smoking