OBJECTIVETo study the epidemiological status on rotavirus diarrhea in Kunming to improve the rotavirus vaccine immunization program.

METHODSA hospital-based sentinel surveillance program for rotavirus was set up among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Kunming Children's Hospital. Clinical information and fecal specimens were collected and rotavirus were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and/or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive specimens were further serotyped or genotyped by ELISA and/or RT-PCR.

RESULTSDuring the three years of surveillance, 466 specimens were collected. Rotavirus were detected on 246 (52.8%) specimens. 97% of the rotavirus diarrhea cases occurred among children less than 2 years old. There was a peak of admissions for rotavirus diarrhea cases between October and December which accounted for 48% of all the rotavirus hospitalizations each year. Among 204 specimens with G serotyping, the predominant strain was serotype G1 (47.5%) followed by G2 (17.6%), G3 (15.7%), G9 (4.9%) and G4 (1.0%). Mixed infection (2.5%) were rare and 22 specimens (10.8%) remained non-typeable. P genotyping showed P[4], P[8] and P[6] were the most common strains, accounting for 29.3%, 27.6% and 13.8% respectively. P[4]G2 was the most common strain which accounted for 34.1% (14/41) followed by P[8]G1 (29.3%) and P[6]G9 (12.2%). Another 7 uncommon P-G combinations were also identified.

CONCLUSIONRotavirus was the major cause of acute diarrhea in Kunming. An effective rotavirus vaccine for prevention and control of rotavirus diarrhea should be developed.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Genotype ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Serotyping

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse and related factors of forced drug abstainer in Gansu province. Methods: By using a self-designed questionnaire, an epidemiologic investigation was carried out among 2 108 forced drug abstainer selected from the compulsory isolation detoxification center of Gansu province. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the factors related with diphenoxylate abuse. Results: The diphenoxylate abuse rate among forced drug abstainer in Gansu was 19.8% (406/2 046), ranking first in medical drug abuse. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors as relieving withdrawal symptoms (OR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.01- 4.32), ways to obtain diphenoxylate (other ways: OR=1.00; regular clinic: OR=27.67, 95%CI: 2.64-289.82; friend: OR=0.01, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03), degree of euphoria (high: OR=1.00; medium: OR =3.36, 95%CI: 1.18-9.55; low: OR=26.16, 95%CI: 10.30-66.42), years of drug abuse (<5 years: OR=1.00; 10-15 years: OR=2.48, 95%CI: 1.02-6.04), abuse at home or in friend's house (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.08-8.68), abuse in car (OR=0.05, 95%CI: 0.00-0.68) and detoxification for the first time (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.43-0.86) were the possible influencing factors for diphenoxylate abuse. Conclusions: The prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse in forced drug abstainer in Gansu was relatively high. Reasons of abusing, the way to obtain diphenoxylate, whether using drug together with friends, degree of euphoria, years of abuse, abuse place and times for detoxification were related factors influencing the abuse of diphenoxylate.
Analgesics, Opioid/supply & distribution* ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Diphenoxylate/supply & distribution* ; Humans ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To understand the immunological and virological characteristics of HIV-1 infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in the acute phase in Tianjin and evaluate the effects of the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA for acute HIV-1 infected samples. Methods: From October 2015 to October 2016, MSM were recruited through the community-based organizations in Tianjin. All the participants received rapid HIV test, positive samples were confirmed by Western Blot and negative samples underwent pooled nucleic acid testing. The participants with HIV-1 RNA reactive result underwent testing for viral load and T-cell count after second blood collection. Acute HIV-1 infection was defined as negative rapid HIV test result and the positive results of two HIV RNA tests, then the sensitivity were compared between the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA to detect the initial HIV-1 RNA positive samples. Results: Among 3 016 MSM screened, 193 were positive in rapid HIV test. Western blot testing indicated that 179 cases were HIV positive, 7 cases were HIV indeterminate and 7 cases were negative. Of 2 823 sero-negative cases, 17 were acute HIV-1 infections. The HIV-1 infection rate was 6.53% (197/3 016) and the acute HIV-1 infection rate was 0.56% (17/3 016), with an average viral load of (5.63±1.50) log(10) copies/ml, an average CD(4) count of (442.82±268.17) cells/μl, an average CD(8) count of (1 069.65±668.22) cells/μl and an average CD(4)/CD(8) ratio of (0.49±0.25). Higher viral load, CD(4) and CD(4)/CD(8) ratio were seen in the acute HIV-1 infection group compared with the chronic HIV-1 infection group (U=148, P<0.01; U=272, P=0.042 and t=3.147, P=0.005). Demographic characteristics were similar between two groups, except the occupation (χ(2)=11.016, P=0.026). The sensitivity of P24 ELISA was higher than the fourth generation HIV ELISA in the HIV-1 detection for acute infection (Fisher's exact test, P=0.017). Conclusions: MSM are at risk for acute HIV-1 infection. Screening for acute HIV-1 infection with P24 ELISA would increase the sensitivity of diagnosis and reduce HIV transmission in MSM.
Adult ; Asian People ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening/methods* ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Viral Load

Objective: To identify related factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of knowing their HIV infection status. Methods: HIV positive MSM who known that they had been infected with HIV for more than 6 months and accepted follow up services were recruited by convenience sampling method in Chengdu 2015. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information, such as demographic characteristics, antiviral therapy and sexual behavior characteristics etc. Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 330 HIV- positive MSM were recruited, 201 eligible MSM were interviewed. The prevalence of UAI in recent six months was 18.41% (37/201). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of anal intercourse with male ≥3 in last month (OR=6.22, 95%CI: 1.88-20.56), low education level (OR=7.29, 95%CI: 1.36-39.16), married, divorced or widowed status (OR=4.65, 95%CI: 1.13-19.17), homosexual cohabitation (OR=3.32, 95%CI: 1.01-10.95) were the risk factors related with UAI among the HIV-positive MSM. Conclusion: Frequent homosexual anal intercourse, low education level, married, divorced or widowed status and homosexual cohabitation might be the risk factors related with UAI in HIV-positive MSM in Chengdu.
HIV ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Unsafe Sex

Objective: To prospectively explore the association between tea drinking and incidence of stroke of adults of Zhejiang province. Methods: After excluding participants with heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes at baseline study, 53 916 participants aged 30-79 years in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from Tongxiang were included for final analysis. Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the association of tea drinking with incident stroke. Results: The main type of drinking tea was black tea (79.78%), followed by green tea (20.08%). Of the 53 916 participants, the proportion of participants who drank tea at least once per week was 31.27%. The corresponding proportions for men and women were 60.24% and 10.30%, respectively. Among 391 512 person-years of the follow-up program (median 7.26 years), a total of 1 487 men and 1 769 women were diagnosed with stroke. After adjusting for socio-demographic status, lifestyle, BMI, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure, HR for incident stroke decreased with the increase of daily average tea consumption amount (P=0.000 6). Compared with participants who did not drink tea weekly, the HRs for incident stroke in those consuming tea 0.1-, 3.0- and ≥5.0 g/d were 0.93 (95%CI: 0.85-1.00), 0.88 (95%CI: 0.77-0.99) and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.89), respectively. The HRs for incident stroke in smokers and non-smokers who consumed tea ≥5.0 g/d were 0.71 (95%CI: 0.59-0.86) and 0.97 (95%CI: 0.77-1.21), respectively, compared with current smokers and non-smokers who did not drink tea weekly (P=0.040 0). The corresponding HRs for alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers were 0.96 (95%CI: 0.76-1.22) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.58-0.84), respectively (P=0.040 0). The corresponding HRs for central obese persons and non-central obese persons were 0.60 (95%CI: 0.44-0.81) and 0.86 (95%CI: 0.73-1.01), respectively (P=0.040 0). Conclusion: Tea drinking had an effect on reducing the possibility of incident stroke, especially among those who were current smokers, non-alcohol drinkers and central obese.
Adult ; Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Assessment/methods* ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/ethnology* ; Tea/adverse effects*