Objective: To investigate the rates on prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in population older than 15 years of age in Beijing, 2013-2014. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing between 2013-2014. Stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select representative sample of 13 057 Chinese individuals aged over 15 years, from the general population. Blood pressure was measured for three readings at sitting position after resting for at least five minutes with an average reading recorded. A standardized structured questionnaire was developed to collect history of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment. Results: A total of 4 663 community residents aged over 15 years were hypertensive among the 13 057 individuals, with the standardized prevalence rate as 32.7%, in Beijing area. The age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension appeared 34.6% in men and 30.8% in women. The age-and sexstandardized prevalence of hypertension rates were 33.3% in urban and 24.6% in rural areas. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and appeared higher in men than in women, in urban than in rural residents. Among the hypertensive patients, rates of awareness, treatment and control were 66.8%, 64.6% and 31.6%, respectively. Conclusion: High prevalence of hypertension with low rates on awareness and treatment and control, appeared in the general population of Beijing. Related strategies should be developed regarding prevention, control and management of hypertension, to reduce the burden of this disease.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use* ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Awareness ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Sex Distribution ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

Objective: To optimize the warning threshold values of common communicable diseases in Gansu province, and improve the early warning effect. Method: An early warning model was set up for influenza, scarlet fever, other infectious diarrheal diseases, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid, viral hepatitis type E and hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) respectively in Gansu by using the moving percentile method and cumulative sum method. By calculating the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of positive test, predictive value of negative test, Youden' index and receiver-operating characteristic curve, the optimum early warning threshold values for communicable diseases in Gansu were selected. Results: The optimum early warning boundary values of influenza, scarlet fever, other infectious diarrheal diseases, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid, and viral hepatitis type E were P(90), P(80), P(95), P(90), P(80) and P(90) respectively. The optimum early warning parameters of HFMD were k=1.2, H=5σ. Under the optimum early warning boundary values/parameters, the early warning sensitivities of influenza, scarlet fever, other infectious diarrheal diseases, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid, viral hepatitis type E and HFMD were 86.67%, 100.00%, 91.67%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 100.00%, the specificities were 86.49%, 62.22%, 75.00%, 100.00%, 97.92%, 89.13% and 74.47%. The predictive values of positive test were 72.22%, 29.17%, 52.38%, 100.00%, 80.00%, 54.55% and 29.41%, and the predictive values of negative test were 94.12%, 100.00%, 96.77%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 100.00%, and the Youden' indexes were 0.73, 0.62, 0.67, 1.00, 0.98,0.89 and 0.74. Receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the values/parameters of this warning boundary were the points closest to the upper left of the coordinate diagram. Conclusion: The early warning thresholds of influenza, other infectious diarrheal diseases, dysentery and hepatitis E in Gansu may be raised appropriately and the early warning parameters of HFMD need to be adjusted to improve the effectiveness of early warning.
China ; Communicable Disease Control/methods* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Notification ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Surveillance/methods*

Objective: To understand the characteristics of HIV infected persons without long term disease progress [also known as long term non-progressors (LTNPs)], and related factors in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi). Methods: Data of persons living with HIV and receiving no antiretroviral therapy in Guangxi by the end of 2016 were collected from the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention information system of China. Results: By the end of 2016, there were 313 LTNPs in Guangxi, accounting for 2.3% of those being reported for more than 10 years, 5.4% of those being reported for more than 10 years and surviving, and 26.6% of those being reported for more than 10 years, surviving and receiving no antiretroviral therapy. Among the LTNPs, 87.2%(273) were men, 94.9% (297) were aged ≤ 40 years, 32.3% (101) were farmers, 55.6% (174) were single, divorced or widowed, 69.3% (217) were of Han ethnic group, 68.1% (213) were injecting drug users, and 52.1% (163) were from custody facilities. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that factors associated with delayed disease progression included age ≤40 years (compared with age >40 years, aOR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.31-3.12) and injection drug use (compared with sexual transmission, aOR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.10-1.74). Conclusions: A number of LTNPs existed in HIV-infected individuals in Guangxi. Further research are needed to identify the related factors, and it is necessary to conduct large sample size studies on host immunology, genetics and the virology of HIV to explore the related mechanism.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; China/epidemiology* ; Drug Users/statistics & numerical data* ; Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data* ; HIV Infections/ethnology* ; Humans ; Male ; Socioeconomic Factors

Previous studies showed that crude antigens from Trichinella spiralis adult worms (AW) can be recognized by mouse infection sera at 8 days post infection. The aim of this study was to identify the early diagnostic antigenic bands in soluble proteins from T. spiralis AW by Western blot using early infection sera. The affecting factors of adult recovery were firstly observed in this study, and the results showed that the maximum number of adults was collected from small intestine when the female BALB/c mice were orally infected with 4000 ML and sacrificed at 3 days post infection. The results of Western blot analysis showed that seven protein bands (31, 35.1, 39, 40.6, 41.9, 47 and 50.6 kDa) could be recognized by early infection sera as early as at 8-10 days post infection, and were strongly reacted with mouse infection sera at 11-12 days post infection. Our results suggested that the seven protein bands of T. spiralis AW soluble proteins might be the early expressed antigens during the intestinal stage of Trichinella infection and therefore have potential value for the early diagnosis of trichinellosis.

Objective: To understand the dynamic variation of BMI and influencing factors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi). Methods: HIV/AIDS patients receiving HAART for the first time since 1 January 2013 were selected. Data on BMI was analyzed among patients receiving HAART at baseline,6 months and 12 months after treatment. By using the general linear model repeated measures of analysis of variance, BMI dynamic variations and influencing factors were described and analyzed. Results: The average BMI of 2 871 patients at baseline, 6th months and 12th months appeared as (20.65±3.32), (20.87±3.22) and (21.18±3.20), respectively, with differences all statistically significant (F=18.86, P<0.001). BMI were increasing over time with treatments (F=37.25, P<0.001). Main influencing factors were noticed as: age, sex, marital status, baseline data of CD(4)(+)T cells and the WHO classification on clinical stages. Conclusions: Higher proportion of BMI malnutrition counts was seen among patients before receiving HAART in Liuzhou. BMI of the patients that were on HAART seemed being influenced by many factors. It is necessary to select appropriate treatment protocols on different patients so as to improve the nutritional status of the patients.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Body Mass Index ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; China/epidemiology* ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Marital Status ; Nutritional Status ; T-Lymphocytes

Objective: To investigate the expression of MSI1 and HER2 in mammary Paget's disease, and the correlation between the expression levels of MSI1 and HER2 and the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of the patients. Methods: Clinical data and paraffin-embedded specimens of 34 pairs of mammary Paget's disease and underlying breast cancer were collected at the Department of Pathology, Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from March 2011 to December 2019. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MSI1 and HER2 in mammary Paget's disease and the accompanying breast cancer, and to analyze the correlation between the expression levels of MSI1 and HER2 and their clinicopathologic features, as well as their influence on prognosis. Results: In mammary Paget's disease, the positive rate of MSI1 was 91.2% (31/34) and the positive rate of HER2 was 88.2% (30/34); the expression of MSI1 and HER2 was positively correlated (P=0.001, r=0.530). The expression of MSI1 was positively correlated with menopausal status (r=0.372, P=0.030) and lymph node metastasis (r=0.450, P=0.008). HER2 expression was positively correlated with menopausal status (r=0.436, P=0.010), and negatively correlated with ER expression (r=-0.365, P=0.034). The co-expression of MSI1 and HER2 was positively correlated with age (r=0.347, P=0.044) and menopausal status (r=0.496, P=0.003), and negatively correlated with ER expression (r=-0.461, P=0.006). Conclusions: MSI1 and HER2 are highly expressed in mammary Paget's disease and their expression levels are positively correlated. The correlation analysis between clinicopathological features and prognosis suggests that both of them may be involved in the occurrence and development of mammary Paget's disease and are potential therapeutic targets for mammary Paget's disease.
Humans ; Female ; Paget's Disease, Mammary/pathology* ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology* ; Prognosis ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism* ; RNA-Binding Proteins

Male ; Humans ; Spermatic Cord ; Mesothelioma ; Mesothelioma, Malignant

Objective: To understand the current status of smoking and smoking cessation in persons aged 15 years and over in Beijing and evaluate the effect of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation. Methods: In 2014 and 2016, based on the principles and methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. A total of 50 communities or townships were selected from 324 communities or townships in Beijing through multistage cluster sampling, and 2 community (village) committees from each community or township were selected with the method of probability proportional to size (PPS). A total of 100 surveillance sites were set, and 100 households were selected from each surveillance site by using simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interview from the eligible family members aged 15 years and over with the assistance of a tablet computer. Statistical analyses were conducted by using complex sampling analyses module of SPSS 20.0, with weights as a combination of sampling weights, non-response weights and post- stratification weights, for the calculation of current smoking prevalence, daily smoking prevalence, smoking cessation rate, etc. Results: A total of 8 484 and 9 372 valid questionnaires were obtained, respectively, in 2014 and 2016, with the response rate of 86.5% and 96.5%. The current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over was 23.4% in 2014, and 22.3% in 2016. According to the 6(th) national census data, the current smoking population decreased by 199 000 in Beijing. The proportion of daily smokers declined from 20.7% in 2014 to 19.2% in 2016. The daily number of cigarettes consumed by current smokers increased from 14.6 in 2014 to 15.4 in 2016. The smoking cessation rate was 14.9% in 2014 and 16.8% in 2016. The proportion of current smokers who had at least one smoking cessation attempt in the past 12 months increased from 22.3% in 2014 to 23.2% in 2016, and the proportion of current smokers who planned to quit smoking increased from 11.6% to 15.5%. Among the current smokers who had visited doctors in the past 12 months, the proportion of those having smoking cessation advice was 58.9% in 2014 and 59.2% in 2016. In 2016, among the current smokers who had attempted to quit in the past 12 months, 36.8% were aware of the smoking cessation clinics, and 29.5%were aware of the quitline. Among those who were aware, only 7.7% had actually visited the cessation clinics, and 5.5% had used the quitline. Conclusions: After the implementation of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation for 1 year, the current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over showed decreasing. It is necessary to further prompt the expansion of smoking cessation service to cover more current smokers.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Beijing ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Smoking Cessation ; Social Control, Formal ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Products/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Tobacco Use ; Young Adult

Objective: To explore the SNP effects of patatin-like phospholipase domain which containing 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene, environmental effects of smoking, alcohol drinking and interaction between gene-gene, gene-environment and drinking-smoking on hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). Methods: We collected anticoagulant peripheral blood from patients of HBV-HCC, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC) and from healthy controls to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene loci rs738409 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene loci rs58542926, using the flight mass spectrometry method. The optimal assignment value of gene polymorphisms was defined by using the online SNP stats. Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) balance was tested for SNP. Effects of the genetic and environmental factors to HBV-HCC were analyzed by using the multiple classification logistic regression method. The gene-gene, gene-smoking and alcohol drinking interaction effects were investigated by Fork-Life analysis and binary logistic regression methods. Results: The frequency distribution of CHB group rs738409 loci seemed not in conformity with the H-W balance (χ(2)=11.980, P<0.005). Two loci frequency distributions in the other groups were all in accordandce with the H-W balance. After adjusting for influences on age and sex and comparing to the healthy group, the rs58542926 mutation appeared as OR=1.659, 95%CI: 1.026-2.684, P=0.039, in the HBV-HCC group. When comparing to CHB group, the HBV-HCC group presented that drinking as OR=1.680, 95%CI: 1.121-2.519, P=0.012. When comparing to the LC group, the ORs of drinking and smoking were 1.539 (1.071-2.213) and 1.453 (1.005-2.099) respectively, in the HBV-HCC group. When comparing to the CHB+LC group, interactions between the HBV-HCC group were found rs738409 and rs58542926 on additive model OR=1.548 (U=1.885, P=0.029) and OR=1.658 (P=0.024) on logistic regression model while drinking was rs738409 on interaction additive model with OR=1.811(U=1.965, P=0.024). As for drinking and mutation of rs738409, the multiplication model of logistic regression showed no statistically significant differences. Interaction between smoking and drinking appeared as OR=1.756 (P<0.001) in the logistics regression multiplication model. Conclusions: Factors as mutation of TM6SF2, smoking and drinking all appeared as risk factors for HBV-HCC. Mutations of both PNPLA3 and TM6SF2, together with smoking and drinking all served as risk factors for HBV-HCC. However, the mutation of single PNPLA3 appeared as a protective factor on HBV-HCC.
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology* ; Case-Control Studies ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Lipase/genetics* ; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/complications* ; Liver Neoplasms/virology* ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Smoking/adverse effects*

Objective: To understand the transmission patterns and risk factors of HIV-1 strain CRF01_AE subtypes in China, and to provide guidance for the implementation of precise intervention. Methods: A total of 2 094 CRF01_AE pol sequences were collected in 19 provinces in China between 1996 and 2014. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by PhyML 3.0 software to select the transmission clusters. Transmission network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.6.0, which was further used for exploring of the major risk factors. Results: Of the 2 094 sequences, 12.18% (255/2 094) were in clusters. A total of 82 transmission clusters were identified. The numbers of clusters and contained sequences in intra-provincial transmission (61, 173) were significantly more than those in inter-provincial transmission (21, 82). The ratio of transmission clustering in MSM increased over time from 2.41% (2/83) during 1996-2008 to 23.61% (72/305) during 2013-2014, showing a significant upward trend (χ(2)=27.800, df=1, P=0.000). The proportion of MSM with inter-provincial transmission clusters were higher than those with intra-provincial transmission clusters, which increased from 0.67% (2/297) during 1996-2008 to 6.36%(30/472) during 2013-2014, showing a significant upward trend (χ(2)=20.276, df=1, P=0.000). The transmission rate in homosexuals of the inter-transmission clusters (86.59%, 71/82) was higher than that of intra-provincial transmission clusters (56.65%, 98/173), and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=22.792, P=0.000). The proportion of inter-provincial transmission clusters with more than 2 transmission routes (33.33%, 7/21) was higher than that of intra-provincial clusters (13.11%, 8/61), and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=4.273, P=0.039). Results from the transmission network analysis indicated that the proportion of high risk population (degree≥4) with inter-provincial transmission clusters (51.22%, 42/82) was significantly higher than that with intra-provincial transmission clusters (26.59%, 46/173), and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=14.932, P=0.000). Inter-provincial clusters were mainly detected in and and MSM. Conclusions: Complex transmission networks were found for HIV-1 CRF01_AE strains in the mainland of China. Inter-provincial transmission clusters increased rapidly, MSM played an important role in the wide spread of the strain. More researches in transmission networks are needed to guide the precision intervention.
China/epidemiology* ; HIV Infections/virology* ; HIV-1/isolation & purification* ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny