Pooled systematic studies that compare treatment stragegies for post-stroke spasticity prove that Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) has superior efficacy and safety and has become the first line management in tandem with physiotherapy. The natural evolution of spasticity show that, not only are neural mechanisms of muscle hypertonus come into play, but that biomechanical forces may likely set in 3 months after stroke. Uses of BoNT-A have been driven by pre-defined goals in the established stage of spasticity (i.E. > 6 months from onset of stroke), as well as the practice of repeat cycle injections to reduce muscle tone. About 19-33% of patients develop spasticity within 3 months after the ictus. Early intervention with BoNT-A (i.e. < 3 months from onser stroke spasticity) can be aimed at preventing the increasing severity of spasticity and the contracture development. There are two randomiaed double blind placebo-controlled trials, and a one single blind comparator trial with a non-injected group, that have recently been performed as early BoNT-A intervention, in tandem with rehabilitation. All the 3 trials showed benefit in terms of reduction in muscle tone with BoNT-A, and one study showed improvement in function, in subanalysis of severely weak muscles at baseline. In the large double blind placebo controlled study, pain reduction was achieved and muscle tone had sustained reduction over the longitudinal observation of 24 weeks, despite a single cycle injection of BoNT-A. The combination of early nrurorehabilitation and early BoNT-A application is an appealing therapeutic approach for upper limb post-stroke spasticity. Neurorehabilitation by constraint-induced movement therapy, in tandem with BoNT-A have been proven to reduce muscle overactivity and improve motor control, but remains to be established in a setting of early spasticity.

It is now commonly accepted that non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease often outweigh and sometimes even antedate the development of motor symptoms of PD. It can prove to be more disabling and more challenging to treat and it clearly impacts quality of life in PD. This article provides a concise review of non-motor features in Parkinson's disease as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying each complication. Currently available management strategies will be outlined as well.

Amongst stroke patients, more than a third will develop spasticity, especially those that involve the paretic upper limbs. Despite establish intensive rehabilitaion programs in place, spasticity still affect a post-stroke patient's quality of life and create significant economic and caregiver burdens. The rationale for botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) use in spasticity is hinged on the toxin's ability to reduce muscle overactivity via a dual cholinergic blockede of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle. Efficacy and safety of BoNT-A in established post-stroke spasticity have been widely published, effectively establishing robustness of data and first line recommendation. Consensus guidelines and algorithms on the clinical use of BoNT-A for symptomatic upper limb spasticity are now also available. While BoNT-A has been universally shown to reduce muscle tone in spasticity, optimizing therapy requires judicious use of the toxin, while raising one's consciousness of adverse event, including muscle weakness, unwanted or desired in therapy. BoNT-A should not be administered alone in post-stroke spasticity, and its effects are best optimized in concert with a comprehensive neurorehabilitation program.

No abstract available.
Factor X*

Study 66 patients (mean age 45.9 years) diagnosed disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: patients often were in sub-acute and chronic types (83.3%), and their symptoms begin slowly (81.8%). Suggestive symptoms are afternoon fever, autonomic nervous disorder, crepitant rales in both sides, and combined extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In radiographic imagines, there were expansive lesions (74.2%), usually in the upper lobes, although pleural adhesion (16.7%) and thin border nodules (9.1%) weren’t common but very specific. Common X-ray syndromes are nodule syndrome (100%) and alveolus syndrome (72.7%).
Diagnosis ; X-rays ; Tuberculosis

No Abstract Available.
X-Ray Film*

In duration of 11 months (12/1999-10/2000) 22 case of carotidocarvenous fistula (CCF) have been confirmed by angiography. 18 patients were treated by endovascular method with 17 procedures performed with detachable balloons. The remaining case was done using coils. Results of the 18 patients who underwent endovacular methods, caroticocavenous fistulae in 17 patients resolved completely. Two patients needed additional session which likewise showed good results. There is one failed case which is still awaiting for another interventive session.
X-Rays ; Fistula

The outbreak of the lung fluke occurred in Sin Ho - Lai Chau in 1994 and Da Bac - Hoa Binh in 1998. The biological, clinical, epidemiological investigation and X-ray showed that there were more 2000 patients (the morbidity rate: 4%). All patients had a lung lesion in X-ray image... the major signs in X-ray were pulmonary nodules and cavity and pleurocele. It should distinguish the lung fluke and the pulmonary tuberculosis
Trematoda ; lung ; X-Rays

We detected skeletal lesions on standard radiographies of 44 patients with multiple myeloma treated in B¹ch Mai Hospital during the period from multiple osteolytic lesions were very frequent abnormalities at all sites. Osteopenia was most common, especially in spine (85.1%). Demineralization with compressed cerebral fractures was found in 74.1% of patients. Other common bone lesions were radiographically observed in ribs (75%), skull (72.7%) and pelvis (60%).
radiography ; X-Rays

Patients with the microbial hepatic abscess in the digestive department of Viet Tiep hospital during 1995-1999 participated to a study. The methods included the clinical examination, hematologic tests, X-ray, ultrasound and pus test. The results have shown that fever: 100%, hepatodynia: 75%, hepatomegaly and hepatodynia: 50%, eye yellow: 50%, positive hepatic shaking: 41%, anemia: 41%, the moderate and severe anemia: 58.2%, leucocyte of 9.1x10g/l: 91.6%, increase of total bilirubine: 50%, plus had a offensive smell suspected due to anaerobic microorganism: 33.34%, 1 focus of abscess: 10 patients; 2 focuses of abscess: 2 patients, the shortest duration of treatment: 5 days and longest duration of treatment: 31 days. The conclusions: the clinical and paraclinical features suggested the microbial hepatic abscess; treatment by high effective antibiotics and needle aspiration of plus; the surgical treatment for cases with many focus of abscess.
Liver Abscess ; X-Rays