Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of pre-hospital mild hypothermia in patients with severe craniocerebral injury,and to explore the possible mechanism by the changes of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA).Methods 120 cases of severe craniocerebral injury were divided into pre-hospital mild hypothermia group (group A,65 cases) and control group(group B,55 cases) by random number table.Patients in group A were gave pre-hospital mild hypothermia treatment,and patients in group B were gave mild hypothermia therapy only after hospitalization.Comparison of the change of serum MDA at admission,the 7th and 14th day between two groups,and the functional outcomes were evaluated by GOS score in 6 months after treatment.Results The MDA levels of two group at seventh days and 14 days were higher than that at admission [(10.4 ± 1.5)nmol/L and (8.2 ± 1.2)nmol/L in group A,(12.6 ± 1.9)nmol/L and (10.0 ± 1.4)nmol/L in group B,P ＜0.05],and it was the highest at 7th day,and its in group A was significantly lower than that in group B at 7th,14th day [(6.9 ± 1.1) nmol/L in group A,(6.6 ±1.0) nmol/L in group B,P ＜ 0.05].The good prognosis rate was 47.7％ (31 cases) in group A,higher than the 38.2％ (21 cases) in group B;The mortality rate was 12.1％ (8 cases) in group A,lower than the 21.4％ (12 cases)the group B,and the difference was statistically significant (Z =-2.132,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Pre-hospital mild hypothermia treatment can improve the prognosis of patients with severe craniocerebral injury and alleviate the damage of brain tissues.

Objective To evaluate the causes and prognosis of severe trauma in the elderly.Methods The 168 patients in elderly group (aged 60 to 91 years), 517 in middle-aged group (aged 36to 59 years) and 405 in young group (aged 18 to 35 years) were evaluated using an abbreviated injury scale (AIS2005) and injury severity score (ISS). All patients with ISS ≥ 16 were selected during a seven-year period. The injury severity, injury site number, cause of injury, injury site, emergency operation, diseases before injury, secondary infection after injury, development of multiple organ dysfunction, number of patients with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, length of stay in ICU and prognosis were compared among three groups. Results The main cause of injury was accident (64patients, 38.1%), followed by traffic accident (63 patients, 37.5%) in elderly group. The traffic accident was major cause of injury in middle-aged and young group (246 patients, 47.6%; 153patients, 37.8%, respectively), followed by fall from high places (128 patients, 24.8%; 102 patients, 25.2%, respectively). The main injury sites were head and chest in elderly, middle-aged and young group (155 patients, 92.3%; 411 patients, 79.5%; 321 patients, 79.3%, respectively).There were significant differences among three groups in injury site number, emergency operation,pre-injury diseases, secondary infection after injury, number of patients with ICU stay and length of stay in ICU (F=8. 299, P＜0.01; x2= 14.88, P=0.001; x2=254.6, P＜0.01; x2=10. 54, P=0. 005; x2 = 15.62, P＜0.01; F= 5.760, P= 0.005, respectively ). In spite of injury severity (F=2.950, P= 0.053), there were significant differences between elderly group and middle-aged or young group (t=2.325, P=0.021; t=2.128, P=0.034, respectively). The incidence of multiple organ dysfunction had no significant difference among the three groups (x2 = 1.142, P= 0.565). The cure rate and unhealed automatically discharged patients had significant differences (x2 = 13.77, P= 0. 001;x2 =6.025, P= 0.049, respectively). The mortalities were similar (x2 = 1.397, P= 0.497). The leading cause of death among three groups was a serious head injury. Conclusions For elderly patients, it is important to reduce accidental injuries and traffic accidents, to improve the cure rate,and to reduce the unhealed and mortality rate.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of standard large trauma craniectomy in patients with acute posttraumatic brain swelling. Methods A cohort study was performed in 74 patients of acute posttraumatic brain swelling with midline shifting more than 5 mm, who were divided randomly into two groups: standard large trauma craniectomy group (n =37) and routine temporoparietal craniectomy group as control group (n =37). The vital sign, the intracranial pressure (ICP) and complications were observed during the treatment. The Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and mortality rate as well as the complications were evaluated after treatment. Results The mean ICP in the large trauma craniectomy group at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours was much lower than those of the control group ( P

Background The urban heat island effect has a significant negative impact on human health. Urban green space can effectively improve the urban thermal environment while enhancing human thermal comfort. Objective To investigate the effects of vegetation configuration structure on temperature and humidity and on human thermal comfort, with a view to providing reference for the landscape planning of urban reserve, preventing and reducing the impact of urban heat island effect on the health of urban residents. Methods The study was carried out on a typical clear and cloudless summer day without extreme weather in a university reserve area in Hefei. The numerical simulation accuracy of ENVI-met software was verified by measured data. Based on the quantitative definition of vegetation configuration structure scheme from vertical and horizontal perspectives, nine simulation scenarios were established based on three aspects including vegetation configuration type (grass, shrub + grass, tree + grass, tree + shrub + grass), planting layout (column planting, uniform spot planting), and planting density [the aspect ratio of trees (ART) between plants was 0.75, 1.13, 1.50, and 2.25, respectively] to quantitatively evaluate the cooling and humidifying effects and human thermal comfort [physiological equivalent temperature (PET)] of the vegetation configurations. Results The change trends of the cooling and humidifying effects of all the simulated scenarios were consistent, basically first increasing and then decreasing. Among all the simulated scenarios, the cooling and humidifying effects of scenario 8 (tree + grass, ART=2.25, uniform spot planting) were the best, with the greatest cooling of 1.36 ℃ and humidification of 6.29% in comparison to the worst scenario 1 in the reserve area. The human thermal comfort of scenario 9 (tree + shrub + grass, ART=2.25, uniform spot planting) was the best, with the PET of 35.37 ℃. The order of improvement effect of different vegetation configurations on thermal comfort from strong to weak was tree + shrub + grass structure (scenario 9) > tree + grass structure (scenario 8) > shrub + grass structure (scenario 2) > grass structure (scenario 1). At 15:00, the PET value of tree + shrub + grass structure (scenario 9) decreased by 7.44 ℃ in comparison to that of grass structure (scenario 1). The higher the planting density among trees, the higher the difference in temperature and relative humidity between the simulated and the original scenarios. In case of holding the same amount of greenery, uniform spot planting showed better human comfort when the vegetation was planted sparsely, but the difference between the PET value of scenario 3 (tree + grass, ART=0.75, uniform spot planting) and scenario 5 (tree + grass, ART=1.5, column planting) was only 0.15 ℃; when the vegetation was planted densely, column planting was more favorable to wind circulation and more effective in reducing the temperature of the site, with a lower PET value of 0.87 ℃ for scenario 7 (tree + grass, ART=2.25, column planting) than for scenario 4 (tree + grass, ART=1.13, uniform spot planting). Conclusion Urban green space has obvious cooling and humidifying effects in summer. The human comfort of tree + shrub + grass structure with uniform spot planting is optimal, and the cooling and humidifying effects of tree + grass structure with uniform spot planting are the most obvious. The optimization of vegetation configuration structure is crucial for reducing urban heat island, improving human thermal comfort, and promoting residents’ health.