In the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway 3-dehydroshikimate (DHS) is a key intermediate. As a potent antioxidant and important feedstock for producing a variety of important industrial chemicals, such as adipate and vanillin, DHS is of great commercial value. Here, in this study, we investigated the effect of the co-expression of aroFFBR (3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase mutant with tyrosine feedback-inhibition resistance) and tktA (Transketolase A) at different copy number on the production of DHS. The increased copy number of aroFFBR and tktA would enhance the production of DHS by the fold of 2.93. In order to further improve the production of DHS, we disrupted the key genes in by-product pathways of the parent strain Escherichia coli AB2834. The triple knockout strain of ldhA, ackA-pta and adhE would further increase the production of DHS. The titer of DHS in shake flask reached 1.83 g/L, 5.7-fold higher than that of the parent strain E. coli AB2834. In 5-L fed-batch fermentation, the metabolically engineered strain produced 25.48 g/L DHS after 62 h. Metabolically engineered E. coli has the potential to further improve the production of DHS.
3-Deoxy-7-Phosphoheptulonate Synthase ; genetics ; Amino Acids, Aromatic ; biosynthesis ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Metabolic Engineering ; Shikimic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Transketolase ; genetics

Rhamnolipid biosurfactant is mainly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is the opportunistic pathogenic strain and not suitable for future industrial development. In order to develop a relatively safe microbial strain for the production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant, we constructed engineered Escherichia coli strains for rhamnolipid production by expressing different copy numbers of rhamnosyltransferase (rhlAB) gene with the constitutive synthetic promoters of different strengths in E. coli ATCC 8739. We further studied the combinatorial regulation of rhlAB gene and rhaBDAC gene cluster for dTDP-1-rhamnose biosynthesis with different synthetic promoters, and obtained the best engineered strain-E. coli TIB-RAB226. Through the optimization of culture temperature, the titer of rhamnolipd reached 124.3 mg/L, 1.17 fold higher than that under the original condition. Fed-batch fermentation further improved the production of rhamnolipid and the titer reached the highest 209.2 mg/L within 12 h. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that there are total 5 mono-rhamnolipid congeners with different nuclear mass ratio and relative abundance. This study laid foundation for heterologous biosynthesis of rhanomilipd.
Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; Batch Cell Culture Techniques ; Decanoates ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glycolipids ; biosynthesis ; Hexosyltransferases ; genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Multigene Family ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rhamnose ; analogs & derivatives ; biosynthesis ; Surface-Active Agents ; metabolism

p-coumaric acid is one of the aromatic compounds that are widely used in food, cosmetics and medicine due to its properties of antibacterium, antioxidation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) catalyzes the deamination of tyrosine to p-coumaric acid. However, the lack of highly active and specific tyrosine ammonia lyase limits cost-effective microbial production of p-coumaric acid. In order to improve biosynthesis efficiency of p-coumaric acid, two tyrosine ammonia-lyases, namely Fc-TAL2 derived from Flavobacterium columnare and Fs-TAL derived from Flavobacterium suncheonense, were selected and characterized. The optimum temperature (55 ℃) and pH (9.5) for Fs-TAL and Fc-TAL2 are the same. Under optimal conditions, the specific enzyme activity of Fs-TAL and Fc-TAL2 were 82.47 U/mg and 13.27 U/mg, respectively. Structural simulation and alignment analysis showed that the orientation of the phenolic hydroxyl group of the conserved Y50 residue on the inner lid loop and its distance to the substrate were the main reasons accounting for the higher activity of Fs-TAL than that of Fc-TAL2. The higher activity and specificity of Fs-TAL were further confirmed via whole-cell catalysis using recombinant Escherichia coli, which could convert 10 g/L tyrosine into 6.2 g/L p-coumaric acid with a yield of 67.9%. This study provides alternative tyrosine ammonia-lyases and may facilitate the microbial production of p-coumaric acid and its derivatives.
Ammonia-Lyases/chemistry* ; Coumaric Acids ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Tyrosine

Adipic acid is a six-carbon dicarboxylic acid, mainly for the production of polymers such as nylon, chemical fiber and engineering plastics. Its annual demand is close to 3 million tons worldwide. Currently, the industrial production of adipic acid is based on the oxidation of aromatics from non-renewable petroleum resources by chemo-catalytic processes. It is heavily polluted and unsustainable, and the possible alternative method for adipic acid production should be developed. In the past years, with the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, green and clean biotechnological methods for adipic acid production attracted more attention. In this study, the research advances of adipic acid and its precursor production are reviewed, followed by addressing the perspective of the possible new pathways for adipic acid production.
Adipates ; metabolism ; Bacteria ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fungi ; genetics ; metabolism ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Metabolic Engineering ; methods ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; genetics

cis, cis-muconic acid (MA) is an important platform chemical. Now, majority of reported engineered strains are genetically instable, the exogenous genes are expressed under the control of expensive inducer and the components of their fermentation medium are complex, thus large-scale microbial production of MA is limited due to the lack of suitable strains. Hence, it is still necessary to construct novel high-performance strain that is genetically stable, no induction and grows in simple inorganic fermentation medium. In this study, after 3 exogenous genes (aroZ, aroY, catA) for biosynthesis of MA were integrated into previously constructed 3-hydroshikimate producing Escherichia coli WJ060 strain and combinatorially regulated with 3 constitutive promoters with different strengths, 27 engineered strains were constructed. The best engineered strain, E. coli MA30 could produce 1.7 g/L MA in the simple inorganic fermentation medium without induction. To further enhance the production capacity of MA, the mutant library of E. coli MA30 was constructed by genome replication engineering and screened via high-throughput assay. After two-round screening, the new strain, E. coli MA30-G2 with improved production of MA was obtained, and the titer of MA increased more than 8%. Under the condition of 5 L fed-batch fermentation, E. coli MA30-G2 could produce about 11.5 g/L MA. Combinatorial regulation and high-throughput screening provide important reference to microbial production of other bio-based chemicals.
Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Metabolic Engineering ; Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sorbic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism

Dopamine is the precursor of a variety of natural antioxidant compounds. In the body, dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter that regulates a variety of physiological functions of the central nervous system. Thus, dopamine is used for the clinical treatment of various types of shock. Dopamine could be produced by engineered microbes, but with low efficiency. In this study, DOPA decarboxylase gene from Sus scrofa (Ssddc) was cloned into plasmids with different copy numbers, and transformed into a previously developed L-DOPA producing strain Escherichia coli T004. The resulted strain was capable of producing dopamine from glucose directly. To further improve the production of dopamine, a sequence-based homology alignment mining (SHAM) strategy was applied to screen more efficient DOPA decarboxylases, and five DOPA decarboxylase genes were selected from 100 candidates. In shake-flask fermentation, the DOPA decarboxylase gene from Homo sapiens (Hsddc) showed the highest dopamine production (3.33 g/L), while the DOPA decarboxylase gene from Drosophila Melanogaster (Dmddc) showed the least residual L-DOPA concentration (0.02 g/L). In 5 L fed-batch fermentations, production of dopamine by the two engineered strains reached 13.3 g/L and 16.2 g/L, respectively. The residual concentrations of L-DOPA were 0.45 g/L and 0.23 g/L, respectively. Finally, the Ssddc and Dmddc genes were integrated into the genome of E. coli T004 to obtain genetically stable dopamine-producing strains. In 5 L fed-batch fermentation, 17.7 g/L of dopamine was produced, which records the highest titer reported to date.
Animals ; Dopa Decarboxylase/genetics* ; Dopamine/biosynthesis* ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics* ; Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Humans ; Metabolic Engineering

p-coumaric acid is an important natural phenolic compound with a variety of pharmacological activities, and also a precursor for the biosynthesis of many natural compounds. It is widely used in foods, cosmetics and medicines. Compared with the chemical synthesis and plant extraction, microbial production of p-coumaric acid has many advantages, such as energy saving and emission reduction. However, the yield of p-coumaric acid by microbial synthesis is too low to meet the requirements of large-scale industrial production. Here, to further improve p-coumaric acid production, the directed evolution of tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) encoded by Rhodotorula glutinis tal gene was conducted, and a high-throughput screening method was established to screen the mutant library for improve the property of TAL. A mutant with a doubled TAL catalytic activity was screened from about 10,000 colonies of the mutant library. There were three mutational amino acid sites in this TAL, namely S9Y, A11N, and E518A. It was further verified by a single point saturation mutation. When S9 was mutated to Y, I or N, or A11 was mutated to N, T or Y, the catalytic activity of TAL increased by more than 1-fold. Through combinatorial mutation of three types of mutations at the S9 and A11, the TAL catalytic activity of S9Y/A11N or S9N/A11Y mutants were significantly higher than that of other mutants. Then, the plasmid containing S9N/A11Y mutant was transformed into CP032, a tyrosine-producing E. coli strain. The engineered strain produced 394.2 mg/L p-coumaric acid, which is 2.2-fold higher than that of the control strain, via shake flask fermentation at 48 h. This work provides a new insight for the biosynthesis study of p-coumaric acid.
Ammonia-Lyases/genetics* ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Propionates ; Rhodotorula ; Tyrosine/genetics*