Objective To understand the colonization status of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in nasopharynx of healthy infants in Wuhan. Methods Six vaccination clinics were randomly selected, and the nasopharyngeal specimens of healthy infants were collected and cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza. Results The carrying rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in 998 healthy infants was 18.84% and 17.54%, respectively. The carrying rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae within 6 months of age was 15.79% and 14.39%, and the carrying rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at 7-12 months old was 22.90% and 21.73%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (Sp: χ²=5.60 P=0.02; Hi：χ²=8.98　P=0.00); The carrying rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in urban and suburban areas was 18.08% and 19.78%, respectively, and the Haemophilus influenzae carrying rate was 17.18% and 17.98%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant (Sp：χ²=0.47　P=0.50; Hi：χ²=0.11　P=0.74). The correlation coefficient (r value) of the age of the month and the carrying rate of sp and hi was 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. Conclusion The age of healthy infants in Wuhan was highly linearly and positively correlated with the carrying rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plasma exosome⁃derived miR⁃29b⁃3p in myocardial ischemia⁃reperfusion injury ( MIRI) rats on hypoxia/reoxygenation ( H/R) cardiomyocyte after sevoflurane (SEV) postconditioning through targeting IGF1 . Methods : The GEO database was used to screen differentially expressed miRNAs in MIRI , and cardiomyocytes were treated with H/R to construct a MIRI cell model. The expression of miR⁃29b⁃3p and IGF1 in the MIRI cell model post⁃treated with SEV was intervened , and then the survival rate of cardiomyocytes was detected by MTT , apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry , and inflammatory factors (IL⁃1β and TNF⁃α ) in cardiomyocytes in each group were detected by ELISA. Results : Compared with Normal group , the expression of miR⁃29b⁃3p in plasma exosomes of MIRI rats was enhanced (P < 0. 05) , and the target⁃binding relationship between miR⁃29b⁃3p and IGF1 was confirmed ( P < 0. 05) . After SEV post⁃treatment , the expression of miR⁃29b⁃3p in H/R⁃stimulated cardiomyocytes decreased , while the expression of IGF1 increased (both P < 0. 05) . Overexpression of miR⁃29b⁃3p in plasma exosomes could significantly inhibit the survival rate of H/R cells after SEV treatment , aggravate apoptosis and inflammatory response , while knockdown of miR⁃29b⁃3p showed a opposite effects (all P < 0. 05) . The rescue experimental data showed that overexpression of IGF1 could partially reverse the effects of overexpression of miR⁃29b⁃3p on H/R cell injury after SEV treatment ( all P <0. 05) . Conclusion Plasma exosome⁃derived miR⁃29b⁃3p promotes H/R cardiomyocyte injury after SEV treatment by targeting IGF1 .

Objective To analyze and evaluate the implementation effect of tuberculosis prevention and control program in Wuhan, and to provide reference for scientific formulation of tuberculosis prevention and control measures. Methods Using the National Tuberculosis Information Management System, descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the medical record information of pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered in Wuhan , 2016 - 2021. Results A total of 34 937 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were registered in Wuhan , with an average annual incidence rate of 49.85/100 000. The incidence rate showed a downward trend year by year, with a statistically significant difference in 2016—2021 (χ²_trend = 708.387, P<0.001). The patients mainly came from referrals, accounting for 71.86%, and the proportion of referrals varied significantly among different years (χ²=355.541, P<0.001). The diagnosis type was mainly pathogenic negative, accounting for 49.12%. The proportion of pathogenic negative had statistically significant difference among different years (χ²=1 354.830, P<0.001). The proportion of patients cured and completed the course of treatment reached 93.98%, with statistically significant differences in the proportions among different years (cured, χ²=1 080.252, P<0.001; completed the treatment course, χ²= 933.655, P<0.001). The sputum examination rate of newly diagnosed patients in each year reached over 90%, and the overall completion rate reached over 95%. The proportion of positive pathogens showed an increasing trend year by year. Conclusion The overall epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Wuhan is declining year by year, and tuberculosis prevention and control work has achieved remarkable results. Active screening in key areas and populations should be strengthened, and prevention and control strategies should be formulated by emphasizing the key and difficult points.

The effect of ambient particulate matters on human health is of great concern. Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed that particulate matters were associated with increased population mortality. Moreover, many studies found that season and temperature might modify the effect of particles on mortality. This paper summarized the potential effect modification of season and temperature and the possible mechanism, so as to provide certain evidence and reference for the future relevant studies.
Air Pollutants ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Particulate Matter ; Seasons ; Temperature

Objective To investigate spatial distribution and temporal trend of main water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_2.5 of Wuhan. Methods PM_2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at 5 sites in Wuhan from January 2017 to December 2017 (7 consecutive days per month). The main water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 were determined by weighing method and ion chromatography. The seasonal variations and spatial distribution differences were analyzed. Results The results showed that the mass concentration of PM_2.5 in Wuhan changed in different seasons. It was highest in winter, followed by spring and autumn, and lowest in summer. There were obvious seasonal changes in the mass concentrations and proportions of distinct ions. The concentrations of the four detected water-soluble inorganic ions were highest in winter. SO₄^2- had highest concentration and proportion, followed by NO₃^- and NH₄⁺, and Cl- was the lowest. In terms of spatial distribution, the total ion concentration and proportion was the largest in Wuchang and the lowest in Dongxihu. Conclusion The seasonal variation of main water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_2.5 was obvious, and the spatial distribution was also different in Wuhan.

OBJECTIVE To establish and apply a method for the determination of plasma concentration of delamanid （DLM）. METHODS After plasma samples were treated with methanol precipitation， LC-MS/MS was adopted to determine the plasma concentration of DLM. The chromatographic column was Phenomenex SynergiTM Fusion-RP with mobile phase of methanol-0.1% formic acid solution （gradient elution）. The column temperature was 40 ℃ ， the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min， and the sample size was 1 μL. The ion source was electrospray ion source， and positive ion scanning was carried out in multi-reaction monitoring mode. The DLM ion pair used for quantitative analysis was m/z 535.0→352.0. The plasma concentration of DLM in 6 multidrug resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB） patients were determined by the LC-MS/MS method. RESULTS The linear range of DLM was 0.05-8 μg/mL （r＝0.999 5）， and the lowest limit of quantitation was 0.05 μg/mL. RSDs of intra-batch and inter-batch precision were all less than 10%. The accuracy ranged 92.7%-104.9%. Average matrix effect was 94.3%-107.5%. Average recoveries were 93.2%-98.1%. The plasma concentration of DLM in 6 MDR-TB patients ranged from 0.61-2.76 μg/mL， with an average of （1.67± 0.74） μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The established LC-MS/MS analysis method has good specificity， high sensitivity， accuracy and precision， and can be used to determine DLM plasma concentration in MDR-TB patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors δ （PPARδ） agonist GW501516 on the injury of pulmonary artery endothelial cells （PAECs） induced by hypoxia and its mechanism. METHODS The cytotoxic effects of GW501516 were observed by detecting the relative survival rate of PAECs； the protein expression of PPARδ was determined by Western blot assay. The cellular model of PAECs injury was established under hypoxic conditions； using antioxidant N-acetylcysteine （NAC） as positive control， the effects of GW501516 on cell injury and reactive oxygen species （ROS） production were investigated by detecting cell apoptotic rate， cell viability， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） activity and ROS levels. Using nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2） activator dimethyl fumarate （DMF） as positive control， PAECs were incubated with GW501516 and/or Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 under hypoxic conditions； the mechanism of GW501516 on PAECs injury induced by hypoxia was investigated by detecting cell injury （cell apoptosis， cell viability， LDH activity）， the levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， glutathione peroxidase （GPx）， catalase （CAT）， malondialdehyde （MDA） and ROS， the expressions of Nrf2， heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） and cleaved-caspase-3 （C-caspase-3） protein. RESULTS The results demonstrated that hypoxia inhibited the protein expression of PPARδ （P＜0.05）， while GW501516 promoted the protein expression of PPARδ in hypoxia- exposed PAECs without obvious cytotoxic effects. GW501516 inhibited the apoptosis of PAECs， improved cell viability， and reduced LDH activity and ROS levels. GW501516 could up-regulate the protein expression of HO-1 in PAECs and the levels of SOD， GPx and CAT， while down-regulated the levels of MDA and ROS by activating the Nrf2 pathway （P＜0.05）； but Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 could reverse the above effects of GW501516 （P＜0.05）. GW501516 exerted similar effects to Nrf2 activator DMF in down-regulating the expression of C-caspase-3 and inhibiting the injury of PAECs under conditions of hypoxia （P＜0.05）. Moreover， Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reversed the 163.com inhibition effects of GW501516 on PAECs injury （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS GW501516 can relieve the hypoxia-induced injury of PAECs via the inhibition of oxidative stress， the mechanism of which may be associated with activating Nrf2.