Objective: To investigate the main risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Karamay, to provide scientific basis for hepatitis B prevention and control. Methods: Hepatitis B patients treated in Karamay Central Hospital in 2014 were selected as the case group, and the HBsAg negative cases were selected as control group by case control study method according to the same hospital, gender, age and other factors. Questionnaire survey was conducted and serological markers of HBV infection were detected. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that family members of patients with HBV infection, HBV infection markers detection, aesthetic treatment caused trauma history (e.g., eyebrow tattoo, Tattoo, eyeliner tattoo, piercing ears), and no hepatitis B vaccination history were the main risk factors of HBV infection in Karamay currently. Conclusions The risk factors of HBV infection in Karamay population still exist. The propaganda and education of hepatitis B prevention knowledge in the public should be improved in the future. Changing adverse lifestyle and the timely initiatiation of hepatitis B vaccination are important measures to control HBV infection.