Background The characteristics of anisometropic amblyopia in ocular morphology are becoming a hot topic in amblyopia field.And the interocular difference in corneal parameters of anisometropic amblyopia is to be understood here.Corneal topography is a non-invasive method for in vivo corneal examination and applied in our study.Objective This study was to investigate the interocular difference of corneal topography in anisometropic amblyopic patients Methods This was a serial cases observation.Thirty anisometropic amblyopes were selected in Center for Optometry and Visual Science,People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The patients were divided into amblyopic eye group and fellow eye group based on the best corrected distance visual acuity.Corneal topography was examined with Orbscan Ⅱ z,and corneal morphological parameters such as Diff values of the anterior and posterior corneal surface,Sim K 's astigmatism,Kmax,angle kappa and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured.The interocular differences in these parameters were evaluated by paired t test,and the correlations in these parameters between the amblyopic eyes and the fellow eyes were analyzed by Pearson linear correlation and simple regression analysis.Results The Diff values of the anterior corneal surface were (0.011±0.006)mm and (0.011±0.017)mm,and those in the posterior corneal surface were (0.031 ±0.012)mm and (0.026 ±0.008)mm in the amblyopic eye group and the fellow eye group,respectively.In addition,Sim K's astigmatism were (1.8± 1.1)D and (1.1 ±0.6) D,JCC were (77±80) °and (100±80) °,J0 values were (-0.17±0.72) D and (0.02±0.41) D,J45 values were (-0.16±0.79) D and (0.13 ±0.48) D,CCT values were (551 ±37) μm and (551 ±31) μm,angle kappa values were (6.4± 1.4) ° and (4.9 ± 1.2) ° in the amblyopic eye group and the fellow eye group,respectively.Significant differences were found in the Diff values of the anterior and posterior corneal surface,Sim K's astigmatism and angle kappa between the two groups (t=-3.041,P=0.005 ;t=-4.317,P=0.000 ;t=-4.571,P=0.000).Pearson's linear correlation test demonstrated significant interocular positive correlations in parameters such as the anterior corneal surface Diff values (r =0.444),J0 (r =0.383),posterior Diff values (r =0.600),and Sim K 's astigmatism (r =0.479),and CCT (r =0.948,P＜0.05).The linear regression equation between the two groups was Y =-0.005 +1.392X (R2 =0.197,F=6.858,P=0.014) in the Diff values in the anterior corneal surface,Y =-0.013+0.421X (R2=0.360,F=15.761,P=0.000) in the Diff values in the posterior corneal surface,Y =0.616+0.27X (R2=0.230,F=8.348,P=0.007) in the Sim K's astigmatism,Y=0.060+0.219X (R2 =0.147,F=4.814,P=0.037) in theJo and Y=i08.289+0.804X (R2 =0.899,F=250.293,P=0.000) in CCT.Conclusions Corneal morphological interocular differences exist significantly in anisometropic amblyopic patients.

Objective To construct the luciferase reporter gene vector of cell division cycle 2 (Cdc2) gene promoter and determine its transcriptional activity. Methods Primers were designed based on human Cdc2 promoter sequence from UCSC software. Then Cdc2 promoter from human genome DNA was replicated. After pGL3-Basic vector and Cdc2 promoter were digested with restriction enzymes SacⅠand XhoⅠseparately, Cdc2 promoter was inserted into pGL3-Basic vector. The recombinant plasmid named pGL3-Cdc2-promoter was transiently co-transfected into U2OS cells with control vector pRL-SV40, and then the activity of dual luciferase was detected. Results pGL3-Cdc2-promoter was constructed successfully. The restriction analysis and sequencing proved the entirely correct sequencing results. The luciferase activity was higher in pGL3-Cdc2-promoter/pRL-SV40 group than that of pGL3-Basic/pRL-SV40 group (1.591 5±0.199 8 vs 0.049 9±0.010 4). Conclusion pGL3-Cdc2-promoter can be transcribed and activated in U2OS cells. This study provided an important basis for screening and evaluation of anticancer drugs.

Renal function was studied in 55 prematures (PTS) without complication, 28 male and 27 female. All PTS were divided into three groups according to age of days(AD), gestational age(GA), and body weight(BW)。BUN and SCr were significantly correlated conversely with AD, GA and BW (P

Objective To evaluate the value of diffusion registration in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) through comparing the diffusion tensor data to conduct the two kinds of post-processing methods for obtaining the ADC ,eADC and FA values and the vis-ual neural fiber length .Methods 20 cases of DTI data were analyzed retrospectively .The original data were adopted to directly process for obtaining the ADC ,eADC and FA values respectively ,after exerting diffusion registration the ADC ,eADC and FA val-ues were measured again ,at the same time the two different processing modes were performed the fiber trace imaging ,.The changes of ADC ,eADC and FA values in each case were compared before and after exerting the diffusion registration ,and at the same time the differences of fiber length in the same interest area in the fiber trace image were compared before and after exerting the diffusion registration .Results The difference of the ADC and eADC values obtained before and after exerting the diffusion registration in the normal group showed no statistical significance (P=0 .695 3 ,P=0 .632 1) and the FA value difference between before and after ex-erting the diffusion registration had statistical significance (P=0 .032 1);the difference of the ADC and eADC values obtained be-fore and after exerting the diffusion registration in the clinical patients group had no statistical significance ( P= 0 .203 9 ,P=0 .075 4) ,the FA value difference had statistical significance (P=0 .011 4) ,the visual neural fiber length was elongated after exer-ting the diffusion registration .Conclusion The diffusion registration processing can obtain better quality of ADC ,eADC ,FA images and the fiber trace image ,more reliable ADC ,eADC and FA values ,the visual fiber length is elongated ,which has large application value in MR DTI .

OBJECTIVE: To develop an analytical method for determination of unknown residual solvents in solid drug products by GC-MS in order to meet the need of supervision. METHODS: Fifty residual solvents including benzene, carbontetrachloride, 1, 2-di-chloroethane, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, acelonitrile, chlorobenzene, acetone, etc, were determined by GC/MS using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. RESULTS: Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9975 for all the solvents. The average recoveries of the quality control samples at low, middle and high concentrations were from 88.8% to 109.8% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 11.6%. The limits of detection (TODs) were in the range of 0.00003-0.3μg·mL-1, while the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.00009-1 μg ·mL-1. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the simultaneous determination of 50 residual solvents in solid preparations such as tablets and capsules.

Objective To evaluate the effect of anisodamine on endoplasmic reticulum stress during acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats.Methods Forty-two nale Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group (group C,n =6),AKI group (n =18) and anisodamine group (group AD,n =18).AKI was induced by intramuscular injection of 50％ (v/v) glycerol 10 ml/kg into bilateral hind limbs in groups AKI and AD.In addition,anisodamine 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 20 min before intramuscular injection of glycerol in group AD.In group C the rats received intramuscular injection of normal saline 10 ml/kg into bilateral hind limbs.Six rats were chosen immediately after injection of normal saline in group C or at 1,6 and 24 h after glycerol injection in groups AKI and AD and then anethetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital.The animals were sacrificed and kidney specimens were obtained and cut into sections which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for pathological examination.The pathological changes of the renal tubules were scored.The expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) in renal tissues was determined by immuno-histochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the pathological scores were significantly increased and the expression of GRP78 and ORP150 was up-regulated at all time points in groups AKI and AD (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with group AKI,the pathological scores were significantly decreased and the expression of GRP78 and ORP150 was down-regulated at all time points in group AD (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Anisodamine can ameliorate AKI through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal tubular epithelial cells and decreasing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell apoptosis in rats.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of argatroban in the treatment of progressive cerebral infarction.Methods Three hundred hospitalized patients with progressive cerebral infarction from October 2006 to September 2011 were collected,among which 150 cases who agreed to the use of argatroban as experimental group,and 150 cases who didn' t agree to the use of argatroban for economic reasons as control group.Experimental group was treated with venous argatroban.It was 60 mg/d within the first 2 days and 24 h continuous intravenous drip.From the beginning of the 3rd day,the dosage was changed to 10 mg each time,twice a day for 5 days.Additionally,75 mg clopidogrel was given once a day for 12 days.Control group was only treated with 75 mg clopidogrel once a day for 14 days.The degree of neurological deficit was compared using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scoring and the rehabilitation condition was evaluated by Barthel index (BI) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scoring between 2 groups before treatment and 3 d,14 d,30 d and 90 d after treatment respectively,and further compared to patients with large artery stenosis and anterior or posterior circulation infarction.The indexes of coagulation function of 2 groups were monitored meanwhile.Results The degree of neurological deficit was significantly improved in the short term (before treatment:NIHSS 15.19 ± 2.70,after treatment of 3 d 10.75 ±2.09,t =2.l14,P =0.037 ;14 d 8.77 ± 1.50,t =2.092,P =0.039;30 d 6.89 ± 0.79,t =2.520,P =0.013 ;90 d 4.85 ± 0.38,t =2.723,P =0.008),and the activities of daily living were significant enhanced in the experimental group (after treatment of 30 d BI 70.89 ± 12.69,90 d 88.16 ± 11.96,90 d mRS 1.57 + 0.39) when compared with the control group (after treatment of 30 d BI 60.26 ± 11.85,t =2.292,P=0.023;90 d 69.90 ± 12.63,t =2.790,P =0.006;90 d mRS 2.14 ±0.52,t =2.124,P =0.035).For large artery stenosis or posterior circulation infarction,the efficacy of argatroban was better.The indexes of coagulation function were in the normal range both before and after medication.No serious adverse reaction occurred during treatment.Conclusion Argatroban which has a higher security probably improves the prognosis and reduces the disability of patients with progressive cerebral infarction.

Objective To determine the normal reference values for thromboelastography (TEG) in Chinese healthy elderly people in Beijing and compare them with those provided by the manufacturer and with people under the age of 55 years.Methods The healthy elderly people aged over 65 years were enrolled from March 2014 to April 2014.4 ml of peripheral vein blood samples were taken from each person.All subjects underwent the laboratory tests of prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB).TEG parameters including reaction time (R),coagulation time (K),angle (alpha) and maximum amplitude (MA) were determined by using a Heamoscope 5000 device.Results A total of 119 healthy elderly subjects were enrolled in this study.The mean values (95％ CI) of TEG parameters for them were R:6.29 min (4.4-8.2 min),K:1.63 min (0.8-2.5 min),α-Angle:66.09° (55.0-77.1°),MA:63.43mm (54.5-72.3 mm).There were significant differences in the values of R,K and α-Angle between the elderly and non-elderly groups (P＜0.001 or 0.05).There were significant differences in the values of K,α-Angle and MA between males and females (P＜0.05 or 0.001).According to the normal reference values provided by the manufacturer,16.1％ (19/119) of the healthy elderly volunteers had at least one abnormal parameter beyond its normal range.3％ (3/119) of the healthy elderly people were diagnosed as coagulation abnormalities,yielding a specificity of 84％.Compared with normal reference values provided by the manufacturer,the value of R was lower and the value of MA was higher in the healthy elderly people in Beijing.Conclusions The normal reference values for TEG should be established based on the local population characteristics.

Visual perceptual learning refers to the special improvement of perceptual performance benefit from repetitive training with a visual task.A typical time course of visual perceptual learning presents an initial rapid improvement,and then gradually processes like an asymptote in gain.During the process of perceptual learning,the influence of critical amount and perceptual learning rules on learning effect,memory consolidation and interference,and the role of sleep on preventing interference and promoting consolidation in perceptual learning,all get involved.This article reviewed the aforesaid content and then elaborated some strategies in application of visual perceptual learning in the treatment of amblyopia.

Background The characteristics of eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes is so complicated that the time-series waveform can hardly demonstrate the oscillational kinetic property of the eye movement of nystagmus,which is not convenient for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation.The eye movement system is a nonlinear feedback control system,and phase portrait analysis is a useful method in describing the characteristics of movement in a nonlinear system.Objective This study was to establish the phase portrait analysis method of the eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes and provide a new technique for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of congenital nystagmus.Methods A prospective series-case observational study was performed.This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Ethic Commission of Tianjin Eye Hospital.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before examination.Twenty-five patients with congenital nystagmus were enrolled and received examination of video-oculography (VOG) in Tianjin Eye Hospital from April 2012 to February 2013,including 12 patients with congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) and 13 patients with latent nystagmus (LN).The VOG data were format-converted and processed by a Matlab routine.VOG-based phase portraits of eye movement cycles were drawn and related parameters were measured from the phase portraits for further analysis and comparison.Main measurement indexes were cycle position shift (CPS),slow phase peak velocity (SPV),standardized slow-phase peak (SSPV),fast phase peak velocity (FPV) and standardized fast-phase peak velocity (SFPV).Two principal types of waveforms,increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type were compared.Results The phase portraits of the waveforms of congenital nystagmus were cycles of reciprocating trajectories.The slow phases were in dense ribbon region,and the fast phases were in sparse annular region,and all the trajectories travelled in clockwise.The CPS,SPV and FPV of increasing-velocity type were (4.646 ± 1.565),(223.821 ± 114.049),(767.481 ±263.560) ° per second,respectively.The CPS,SPV and FPV of decreasing-velocity type were (9.373 ±4.189),(357.531 ± 154.300) and (1 148.706 ±541.362) ° per second,respectively.The SPVs and FPVs of both increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type showed strong correlation with CPS,respectively (the increasing-velocity type:rSPV-CPS =0.685,P=0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.680,P=0.000;the decreasing-velocity type rSPV-CPS =0.783,P =0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.803,P =0.000).FPVs were significantly larger than SPVs in both types of waveforms (t =6.558,P =0.000;t =5.068,P =0.000).The SSPV of increasing-velocity type was (48.062 ± 15.365) ° per second,which was slightly larger than (41.099± 17.027) ° per second of decreasing-velocity type,with no significant difference between them (t=1.070,P=0.296).The SFPV of increasing-velocity type was (171.186±47.825)° per second,which was larger than (125.317-±38.266)° per second of decreasing-velocity type,showing a significant difference between them (t =2.658,P =0.014).Conclusions Phase portraits can visualize the cyclically dynamic features of congenital nystagmus in a direct way.It facilitates the measurement of eye movement amplitude,speed and other parameters.The phase portrait analysis method provides a novel useful tool in the clinical diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation of congenital nystagmus.