Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; chemically induced ; Female ; Male ; Platelet Activating Factor ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfalene ; toxicity ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; toxicity

Objective To evaluate if the flexible ureteroscopy could treat stones located in lower calyx with the infundibulopelvic angle (IPA) less than 30°.Methods Thirty-six patients with inferior caliceal calculi on whom flexible ureteroscopic procedures were performed between November 2009 and June 2015 were reviewed.The mean age of the patients was 52.1 years (34-71),with the mean stone diameter of (1.5 ± 0.8) cm (1.2-2.6 cm).IPA was smaller than 30° in all 36 cases,which confirmed by CTU examination.IPA was less than 10° in 15 patients,between 11 ° and 20° in 13 patients and between 21 ° and 30° in 8 patients.Results The success rate was 63.9％ (23/36 patients) in patients with IPA smaller than 30° after first session of procedure,and the stone free rate reached 100％ after the second session of procedure.The mean operation duration was (95.5 ± 31.4) min(51-127 min).The mean hospital stay after operation was(4.1 ± 1.2)days (3-5 days).No major complications were recorded and no patients needed to convert to open surgery.Double J tube was removed after 4 weeks postoperatively.Patients were followed up for 4-12 months,during which ultrasound and CT scan were used for stone detection.Conclusions The small IPA (＜30°) negatively affected the SFR in the first session operation.However,its negative effect was solvable by using modern endoscopes.A complete stone clearance was achievable even in case of unfavorable anatomic conditions in experienced hand.

Methylotrophy is a kind of widespread microbe which can use carbon compound as their only carbon and energy sources.It has been reported that methylotrophy can directly use one carbon com-pound to transform into their own metabolic one carbon unit,then these one metabolic one carbon units can be used as energy and carbon skeleton by organisms,which is a main part in one carbon metabolism.Because this is a novel metabolic system,it can be used in the study of biological metabolism and evo-lution.Based on the previous study about Methylobacterium sp.MB200 in our lab,here we summarized the research improvements about methylotrophy from their taxonomy,metabolism,genomics and ap-plications.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (fCSE) on the serum testosterone (T) level and erectile function of male rats.

METHODSWe randomized 30 male SD rats to three groups of equal number to receive subcutaneous injection of PBS (1.0 ml / 300 g body weight per day), fCSE (1.0 ml/300 g body weight per day), and reduced glutathione hormone (GSH, 200 mg per kg body weight per day) in addition to fCSE (fCSE + GSH), respectively, all for 8 weeks. Then we evaluated the erectile function of the rats by measuring the maximal intracavernous pressure (MICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), ICP/MAP ratio, time of stimulation to MICP (Tmax), and cavernosal filling fate (CFR). We determined the serum T level, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) , malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cavernosal tissue, and also observed the morphological changes of the corpus cavernosum.

RESULTSCompared with the controls, the rats of the fCSE group showed obvious decreases in the levels of serum T ([5.37 ± 1.43] vs [3.22 ± 1.11] μg/L), NOS ([2.90 ± 0.27] vs [1.67 ± 0.18] U/mg) , and SOD ([18.41 ± 1.09] vs [13.36 ± 1.18] U/mg prot) and erectile function-related indexes MICP ([85.92 ± 6.36] vs [58.99 ± 10.76] mmHg), MICP/MAP (0.86 ± 0.09 vs [0.56 ± 0.08]), and CFR (2.14 ± 0.44 vs 0.89 ± 0.44), but markedly increased Tmax ([29.90 ± 5.78] vs [42.90 ± 8.56]s), with a positive correlation between the serum T level and CFR (r = 0. 364, P < 0.05). Masson staining revealed a lower ratio of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue to collagen fiber in the fCSE group (0.27 ± 0.04) than in the control (0.98 ± 0.12). Compared with the fCSE group, the fCSE + GSH group exhibited significantly improved MICP ([58.99 ± 10.76 ] vs [77.95 ± 7.71] mmHg), MICP/MAP (0.56 ± 0.08 vs 0.77 ± 0.09), and CFR (0.89 ± 0.44] vs 1.76 ± 0.42) and shortened Tmax ([42.90 ± 8.56 ] vs [32.10 ± 5.84 ] s). The ratio of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue to collagen fiber was higher in the fCSE + GSH than in the fCSE group (0.77 ± 0.09 vs 0.27 ± 0.04) but still lower than in the control (0.98 ± 0.12).

CONCLUSIONNicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract reduces the serum T level and erectile function of rats, which is related to oxidative stress. Antioxidant therapy can improve erectile function but has a limited value for morphological protection of the penile tissue.

Animals ; Erectile Dysfunction ; chemically induced ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Muscle, Smooth ; pathology ; Nicotine ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Penile Erection ; drug effects ; Penis ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tars ; Tobacco ; adverse effects

Objective To investigate the factors associated with delay in decision to seek treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) in Beijing. Methods This prospective,cross-sectional,multicenter survey was conducted from November 1,2005 and December 31 ,2006. The participants consisted of 799 patients with STEMI admitted within 24 h of symptom onset to 19 hospitals in Beijing. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and medical records review. The patients were categorized into an early decision group and the a late decision group based on the 30 min cut-off. Results The median(25%,75%) decision delay in STEMI patients was 60(20, 180)min. Factors associated with late decision in an univariate analysis were age ≥65 years, retirement or unemployment, history of myocardial infarction,symptom onset at home and intermittent symptoms, whereas presence of bystanders such as friends,coworkers or even strangers,unbearable symptoms,dyspnea,sweating,syncope and attribution of symptoms to cardiac origin were related to early decision. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that history of myocardial infarction,absence of syncope, intermittent symptoms,bearable symptoms and attribution of symptoms to noncardiac origin were independent predictors of decision delay＞30 min. Patients in the early decision group had more chances to receive acute reperfusion therapies(P=0.001) and shorter time intervals from symptom onset to reperfusion therapies(P＜0.001). Conclusions To a great extent patients with AMI in Beijing delayed in decision to seek treatment. History of myocardial infarction, symptom characteristics and symptom attribution were associated with decision delay.

Objective To monitor the renal pelvic pressure and to investigate its clinical significance during retrograde flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (RFUL).Methods The data of renal pelvic pressure measured in 60 cases of RFUL with the mean irrigation pump speed and pressure of 30 ml/min and 30 mmHg were analyzed retrospectively.The influence factors of renal pelvic pressure and its correlation with postoperative fever were analyzed.Renal pelvic pressure was measured by baroceptor,which was connected to PHILIP-MP4 monitor IBP channel and ureteric catheter positioned in renal pelvis through a dual channel ureteral access sheath (UAS).The renal pelvic pressure data was collected and analyzed in every 2 seconds by computer.The 60 cases were divided into 3 groups according to their intra-pelvic pressure situations:normal pressure group(NP,IPPmax ≤30 mmHg),high pressure group(HP,IPPmax＞30 mmHg,but high pressure duration≤ 10 min),and backflow pressure group(BP,IPPmax＞30 mmHg and high pressure duration＞ 10 min).Results The baseline intra-pelvic pressure (IPP0) and max imum intra-pelvic pressure (IPPmax) were (13.2±5.6) mmHg and (95.6±2.3) mmHg respectively.IPP levels during the RFUL were significantly higher than the IPP0(P＜0.001).There were 32,17 and 11 cases in NP,HP and BP groups,respectively.There were 6 cases with fever higher than 38.5 ℃ (10％),in which there were 1 case in NP,1 case in HP group and 4 cases in BP group.The postoperative fever rate in NP,HP and BP group were 3％,6％ and 36％ respectively,which were significantly different between groups(P＜0.01).There were 12 cases with procalcitonin ＞0.1 ng/ml and 8 cases with procalcitonin ＞0.5 ng/ml,in which 2 cases in HP group and 6 cases in BP group.Conclusions RFUL would result in a temporal elevated intrapelvic pressure greater than 30 mmHg.Postoperative fever is relevant with renal perfusion pressure and perfusion time.It's necessary for the surgeons to adjust the perfusion pressure during operation.

Objective To assess the feasibility of anticoagulation therapy after mechanical valve replacement in grass-root health institutions.Methods One hundred and sixty one patients with mechanical valve replacement received anticoagulation therapy with warfarin,including 79 cases receiving the therapy in grass-root health institutions (test group) and 82 cases in the tertiary hospitals (control group).The patients were followed up for 12 months after operation;the rate of anticoagulation efficacy,the anticoagulationrelated complications,and the anticoagulation-related cost were documented and compared between two groups.Results The international normalized ratio (INR) tests were performed for 1 021 times in test group and 717 times were up to anticoagulation standard (70.2 ％,717/1 021),while INR tests in control group were performed for 965 times and 688 times were up to standard (71.3％,688/965);there were no significantly differences in efficacy rate between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).There were no significant differences in rate of bleeding events and thrombosis between two groups [16.5％ (13/79) vs.12.2％ (10/82),6.3％(5/79) vs.4.9％(4/82),respectively,x2 =0.596,P=0.44,x2 =0.161,P=0.69].The anticoagulation-related cost per month and per patient in test group was significantly lower than those in control group [(63.1 ±.12.8) vs.(176.6 ± 16.4) yuan,t =48.716,P ＜0.05].Conclusion Compared with the tertiary hospital,the anticoagulation therapy in grass-root institutions can accomplish the similar clinical outcomes and significantly reduce the medical cost in patients with mechanical valve replacement.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of retrograde ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy (UHL) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in treating patients with renal calculi of ≤3 cm.Methods From Feb.2008 to Apr.2011,a total of 109 cases (117 renal calculi in total) treated by either PCNL (50) or UHL (67) were retrospectively analyzed.Operative time,stone free rate,postoperative hospital stay,hospitalization expenses and complications were compared in the 2 groups.Results The mean stone burden of the UHL group and PCNL group was 2.5 cm (1.5-3.0) cm and 2.4 cm (1.3-3.0) cm,respectively.There was no significant difference in two groups.In UHL group,operations were performed successfully in all 67 calculi,of whom,43 patients needed combination of flexible ureteroscopy to break the stone fragments falling into the renal calices.No serious complication was recorded except postoperative fever in 3 cases.In PCNL group,all patients had been successful operated.Postoperative fever occurred in 2 cases.Obvious intraoperative and postoperative haemorrhage appeared in 1 case,and cured by selective renal artery embolization.The operation time of the UHL group and PCNL group was (117.0±36.5) min and (90.0±18.3) min respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).The stone free rate of the UHL group and PCNL group was 94％ (63/67) and 92％ (46/50) respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).Hemoglobin decline of the UHL group and PCNL group was (0.3±0.1) g/L and (20.6±8.1) g/L,and had significant difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Postoperative hospital stay of the UHL group and PCNL group was (5.0±2.4) day and (7.0±3.7) day,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜ 0.05).Hospitalization expenses of the UHL group and PCNL group was (15 477.0±754.3) RMB and (27 453.0± 1763.5) RMB,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusions Although UHL and PCNL have similar curative effect in treating renal stones of less than 3 cm,UHL have the advantages of lcss trauma and complication,lower expenses and fewer hospital stay.In treating renal stones of smaller than 3 cm,especially in the contraindication of PCNL,UHL may be a better choice.

Objective To explore the causes of per-hospitalization high inpatient expenditure of a tertiary hospital in 2015,by analyzing the influencing factors.Methods We retrospectively studied 1 282 inpatient cases who cost more than 100 000 yuan per case at a tertiary hospital in 2015,analyzing statistically major influencing factors of such expenditure in variance analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis.Results The average days of stay of these cases were 27.6 days,and the average medical cost of those cases was 149 153 yuan per person.Costs for medicines and material made up a large proportion of medical costs,respectively accounting for 33.38% and 31.98% of the total.The days of stay,prognosis of the patient,complications as well as hospital infection,surgeries,gender of the patients constituted major factors on inpatient medical expenditure.Conclusions Reducing the average days of stay,guiding reasonable applications of drugs and medical materials,strengthening management on operations and controlling excessive medical services are effective approaches to reducing excessive growth of medical costs.

Objective To summarize the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS ) and to identify the related risk factors for mortality .Methods Clinical features and laboratory parameters were collected from 40 SFTS patients (7 deaths and 33 survivors) .Dynamic changes of laboratory data were compared between the two groups , including white blood cell count (WBC ) , platelet count (PLT ) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ,creatine kinase (CK) ,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ,prothrombin time (PT) ,activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) .Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared with t test ,and those with non‐normal distribution were compared with nonparametric test ;categorical variables were compared with χ2 test .Univariate Logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors associated with death .Results For the deceased patients and the survivors ,the APTT were 56 .40 s and 44 .45 s ,respectively (Z=5 .419 ,P=0 .04) at day 1—7 .Those were 66 .25 s and 36 .85 s ,respectively (Z=10 .112 ,P=0 .009) at day 8—10 ,and (125 .06 ± 11 .88) s and (33 .44 ± 6 .50) s ,respectively (t=45 .760 ,P<0 .01) at day 11—13 .At day 11—13 ,the ALT levels in deceased patients and survivors were (783 .00 ± 210 .12) U/L and (137 .33 ± 89 .59) U/L ,respectively (t=7 .989 ,P=0 .016) ,AST levels were 890 U/L and 99 U/L ,respectively (Z=60 .248 ,P <0 .01) , CK levels were 2 315 U/L and 314 U/L ,respectively (Z= 122 .065 , P< 0 .01) ,LDH levels were 1 075 U/L and 509 U/L ,respevtively (Z=44 .642 ,P<0 .01) ,PT were 16 s and 11 s ,respectively (Z=7 .917 ,P=0 .031) ,and TT were 120 s and 20 s ,respectively (Z=1 361 .674 ,P<0 .01) .Day 11—13 after the onset of illness was the critical stage for SFTS .Consciousness alteration (OR=6 .60 ,95% CI:2 .94—14 .80) ,bleeding (OR=9 .29 ,95% CI:1 .48—58 .47) ,PT> 15 s (OR= 24 .00 ,95% CI:1 .99—289 .60) ,APTT>70 s (OR= 42 .67 ,95% CI:3 .54—514 .85) and TT > 120 s (OR= 0 .14 ,95% CI:0 .02—0 .88) were risk factors for the death of SFTS patients (all P< 0 .05) .Conclusion Prolonged APT T ,T T and PT at early stage and progressively increasing during the disease course suggest poor prognosis of SFTS .