Objective Triterpene glycosides were expected to be isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria nobilis.Methods The crude saponins of sea cucumber were desulfated with pyridine-dioxane(1∶1),the desulfated products were separated by multi-chromatography to afford two compounds.Results On the basis of chemical methods and spectral evidences,especially 2D NMR and ESI-MS technologies,these two compounds were identified as 3-O-(3-O-methyl-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-?-D-quinovopyranosyl(1→4)-?-D-quinovopyranosyl(1→2)-?-D-xylopyranosyl)-holosta-9-ene-3?,12?,17?,25?-tetraol(Ⅰ),named as nobiliside 1a;3-O-(3-O-methyl-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-?-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-?-D-quinovopyranosyl(1→2)-4′-O-sulfate-?-D-xylopyranosyl)-holosta-22,25-epoxy-9-ene-3?,12?,17?,25?-triol(Ⅱ),named as nobiliside 2a.Conclusion Two compounds are new triterpene glycosides.

The important works for blood coagulation laboratory are providing evidences for diagnosing bleeding and thrombosis diseases.Besides to establish enough test items,the doctors of laboratory should follow pathways of lab test and clinical analysis to find the reasons for bleeding and thrombosis.In generally,screening test should be done first,such as prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time,fibrinogen,fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product,D dimer,platelet count and platelet function test.Then the diagnostic tests are selected according to the screening test results and clinical condition.The last diagnosis can be two forms,one is diagnosis of disease,another one is diagnosis of targets such as malfunction of endothelial cell,blood coagulation factor,anticoagulation factors,fibrinolysis proteins and platelet count and function.

BACKGROUND:Elderly patients may suffer from cognitive dysfunction after arthroplasty, which easily leads to the emergence of various postoperative complications, and even leads to the death of the patient. Different methods of analgesia are used to reduce the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after lower limb arthroplasty in elderly patients. OBJECTIVE:To compare the incidence of early cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with total knee arthroplasty under different analgesia. METHODS: A total of 82 elderly patients with total knee arthroplasty in the Liuzhou City People’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Science and Technology from December 2013 to December 2014 were enroled in this study, equaly and randomly assigned to control group and observation group, which received general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia, respectively. At 3 days after arthroplasty, Mini Mental State Examination score, visual analogue scale score and incidence rate of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the two groups were observed and compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:No significant difference in Mini Mental State Examination score was detected between the two groups (P > 0.05), but visual analogue scale score and incidence rate of postoperative cognitive dysfunction were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, visual analogue scale score was an independent risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that regarding the effect in the early postoperative cognitive function, implementation of intravenous anesthesia or epidural anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty does not have apparent difference. As for the incidence of postoperative analgesic effect and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, epidural analgesia is better. Through analysis, the pain is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty in elderly patients.

Objective To learn the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of nimodipine combined with riva stigmine in the treatment of senile vascular dementia,and to provide effective treatment for the disease.Methods 151 elderly patients with senile vascular dementia were randomly divided into observation group (78 cases) and control group (73 cases) by using the random number table method.The control group was given nimodipine,and the observation group was given nimodipine combined with rivastigmine.The cognitive function was assessed by mini mental state examination(MMSE) scale,clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale was used to evaluate the degree of dementia,and activity of daily living (ADL) scale was used to evaluate the ability of daily activities.P300 test was performed before and after treatment for 12 weeks,and latency period (P300-PL) and amplitude (P300-A) of P300 were determined.The adverse drug reactions of the two groups were observed during the treatment period.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the MMSE scores of the two groups were higher than before treatment,the CDR,ADL scores of the two groups were significantly lower than before treatment (t =8.353,18.289,6.627,2.463,10.681,5.201,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,the MMSE score of the observation group [(23.17 ±3.95) points] was significantly higher than that of the control group [(19.88 ± 4.43) points],the ADL,CDR scores of the observation group were (1.47 ± 0.26) points and (39.87 ± 7.43) points,which were significantly lower than (1.80 ± 0.34) points,(41.16 ± 6.40) points of the control group (t =4.823,6.725,5.278,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,the P300-PL of the two groups were lower than those before treatment,the P300-A of the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (t =12.051,6.429,2.477,2.104,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,P300-PL of the observation group [(321 ± 39)ms] was significantly lower than that of control group [(356 ± 44) ms] (t =5.180,P ＜ 0.05).In the course of treatment,the incidence rate of adverse reaction of the control group was 9.59％,that of the observation group was 11.54％,there was no statistically significant difference (x2 =0.151,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Nimodipine combined with rivastigrnine can effectively treat senile vascular dementia,improve cognitive function,degree of dementia and daily activity ability of patients,the incidence rate of adverse drug reaction is low,and the therapeutic method is well tolerated with good clinical application value.

Objective To analyze the risk factors in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM ) complicating carotid ath-erosclerosis plaque to provide the scientific basis for effectively preventing and controlling the occurrence and development of carotid atherosclerotic plaque .Methods 109 cases of T2DM were selected and divided into the plaque group(A) and the non-plaque group (B) according to the ultrasonic diagnostic results .The age ,course of disease ,body mass index(BMI) ,blood pressure(BP) ,fasting blood glucose(FBG) ,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) ,blood uric acid(SUA) and blood lipid were detected and analyzed in the two groups .Results There was statistically significant differences in the age ,BMI ,FBG ,HbA1c ,systolic blood pressure(SBP) , TC ,TG ,LDL-C ,SUA between the group A and B(P<0 .05);the logistic analysis showed that the age ,SBP ,LDL-C and SUA were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis plaque in T 2DM patients .Conclusion The age ,SBP ,LDL-C and SUA play the important role in the occurrence and development of T 2DM complicating carotid artery plaque .

BACKGROUND: Efficacy of gap arthroplasty (GA) versus interpositional arthroplasty (IA) for temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is rarely reported, and the treatment efficacy is still under discussion. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the efficacy of GA versus IA in the TMJA treatment and patient's prognosis. METHODS: A computer-based online research of the databases of WanFang, CqVip, PubMed, Ovid, Embase, Clinical Evidence, Cochrance Library combined with the manual search of relevant controlled trials that compared the resurrence postoperative maximal incision opening and/or recurrence of the two methods for TMJA published before October, 2015 was performed. According to heterogeneity results, the maximal incision opening index was analyzed by random-effect model, and the two groups were subdivided into temporomandibular myofascial flap and other material groups, and then MD and 95%CI were calculated; recurrence was analyzed through fixed effect model, and OR and 95%CI were calculated.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 18 eligible articles involving 999 patients were enrolled, and the GA and IA were conducted in 656 and 343 cases, respectively. Meta-analysis results of the maximal incision opening were as followings: MD= -1.85, 95%CI: (-3.15, -0.55), Z=2.80, P=0.005, I2=55.4%; the temporomandibular myofascial flap subgroup: MD= -0.94, 95%CI: (-1.84, -0.04), Z=2.05, P=0.040, I2=0.0%; the other material group: MD= -3.36, 95%CI: (-6.66, -0.66), Z=2.39, P=0.017, I2=67.0%. Meta-analysis of the recurrence showed that OR=1.38, 95%CI: (0.87, 2.17), Z=1.37, P=0.170, I2=14.9%. Egger test manifested that there were no publication biases in the literatures. Sensitivity test showed that only one study influenced the total combined Meta-analysis results, and the others were steady. These results indicate that the IA can markedly increases the maximal incision opening in the TMJA treatment compared with the GA, but the two methods have the similar recurrence rate. Due to the limited quantity and quality of the included studies, the above conclusion needs to be verified by more high quality researchs.

The re-testing for postgraduate candidates is an important part in the work of enrollment.The article expounds the general development of re-testing for postgraduate candidates,especially in the new period(since 2003).After a series of reform taking place since 2003,the development of the re-testing for postgraduate candidates has a positive effect on enhancing the quality of enrollment.

Cochlear Implants ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography

The ultrastructural changes in growth hormone (GH) cells of rabbit adeno-hypophysis are determined quantitatively with stereological method after burn injury. Blood sugar levels are concurrently measured. The results show: the volume fraction of Golgi complex, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum shows a 2-phase curve after burn, and it may be divided into 3-periods stress, modulation and functional activation and recovery; the rate of maturation of secretory granules is increased; a close relation between the blood sugar and some activities of GH cell secretion after burn presents; the autocrine shows a negative feedback to the exocytosis in the control group,and a positive feedback in burned ones; the newly formed mitochondria may be originated from the new Golgi complex from the reutilization of plasma components.

Objective To investigate different factors related to fetal growth restriction (FGR) and to find out the possible causes of FGR with unclear etiologies. Methods Sixty-three women who were suspected of FGR during pregnancy between March 2002 and March 2003 were included in this study. Their age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, and gestational weeks were recorded at the time when they were first diagnosed . Haemoglobin levels, haematocrit (HCT) ,TORCH, anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) , 50 gram glucose challenge test (50g GCT) , 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (75g OGTT) , leptin levels, systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio by color doppler monitor and chlamydia trachomatis (CT) were detected and urine culture was done in these groups during the same period. The gestational week, birth weight, body length and the gender were recorded at the delivery period. The FGR group was then divided into two subgroups according to the birth weights: study A group whose birth weights were lower than 10th% of the birth weights at the given gestational weeks (29 cases) and study B group whose birth weights were beyond 10th% (34 cases). The chromosome, leptin, C-peptide, insulin and TORCH of umbilical blood were measured at delivery. The other 25 normal pregnant women were included as control and the same tests were performed accordingly. Results The fasting glucose and the third hour's glucose of 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test of study A were( 3. 8 ?0, 6) mmol/L and (4. 5 ?1. 1) mmol/L. The fetal lepin, C-peptide, and insulin were (7.3 ? 5. 2) ng/ml, (0. 5 ? 0. 3) nmol/L and (2. 3 ? 1. 3 ) mU/L The S/D ratio of umbilical artery, maternal and fetal infection rate of CMV, positive rate of ACA-IgM and the rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria were 3.06, 20.7%, 24.1%, 44.8% and 62.1% respectively. The fasting glucose and the third hour's glucose of 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test of study B were (4. 4 ? 0. 7) mmol/L and (4. 6 ? 1. 1 ) mmol/L. The fetal lepin, C-peptide, and insulin were ( 13. 2 ? 11. 3 ) ng/ml, (0. 7 ? 0. 4) nmol/L and (4.3 ? 3.3) mU/L The S/D ratio of umbilical artery, maternal and fetal infection rate of CMV, positive rate of ACA-IgM and the rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria were 2. 63, 2. 9% , 0% , 5.9% and 44. 1% respectively. The fasting glucose and the third hour's glucose of 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test in control were (4. 3 ? 0. 7) mmol/L and (5. 3 ? 1.2) mmol/L. The fetal lepin, C-peptide, and insulin were( 20. 5 ? 12. 0) ng/ml, (1. 0 ? 0. 4) nmol/L and ( 6. 3 ? 4. 0) mU/L The S/D ratio of umbilical artery, maternal and fetal infection rate of CMV, positive rate of ACA-IgM and the rate of the asymptomatic bacteriuria were 2. 80, 0, 0, 0 and 24. 0% respectively. All these items were significantly higher in study A than those in the control (P