Animal challenge test is an effective means to study the efficacy of severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)vaccine. The appropriate animal models and reasonable experimental design play an important role in obtaining efficacy and safety information,as well as supporting clinical trials. At present,common non-clinical animal models include transgenic mice,non-human primates,hamsters,ferrets and so on. This paper reviews the common animal models used in non-clinical trials and the problems encountered in their application.

Objective To investigate the application of small dose of ketamine during induction of anesthesia in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting neutrophil superoxide generation effect .Methods 30 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting operation were randomly divided into 2 groups ,in the fentanyl induced respectively based on combined with small dose of ketamine (ketamine group) or normal saline (control group) ,a blood sample collection time points :before ,immediately after extracorporeal circulation operation ,operation after 1-6 days .Neutrophil function by using (12-) fourteen acid and phorbol ester (-13-) acetate (PMA) ,yeast polysaccharide or formyl-methylthio-light-phenylalanine after stimulation of superoxide production de-termination method .Results During general anesthesia combined with low dose ketamine inhibits superoxide anion increases .In ad-dition ,ketamine reduces perioperative 2 -6 days of the neutrophil percentage .Conclusion Ketamine can reduce the activation of neutrophils after cardiopulmonary bypass .

Objective To comparison curative effects between radiofrequency coblation and CO 2 laser in treat‐ment of early glottic carcinoma .Methods A total of 104 patients with early glottic cancer (Tis ,T1a ,T1b ) were treated in our department from October 2007 to December 2012 .Among them 64 cases underwent radiofrequency ablation (radiofrequency group) while 40 cases underwent CO2 laser resection (CO2 laser group) .The operation time and the postoperative pain VAS scores were recorded .All of the patients were examined by electronic laryngoscopy and a‐coustic analysis in 1 week ,1 month ,3 months after surgery .Results The mean operation time of radiofrequency group was 8 .75 ± 1 .62(min)and CO2 laser group was 11 .82 ± 1 .51(min) .The radiofrequency group was better than CO2 laser group(P < 0 .05) .The differences of postoperative pain VAS score was not statistically significant be ‐tween radiofrequency group(2 .79 ± 0 .47) and CO2 laser group (2 .96 ± 0 .64)(P> 0 .05) .The mucosal recovery of radiofrequency group in 1 month after surgery was better than the CO2 laser group (χ2 = 13 .842 ,P< 0 .05) .Subjects in radiofrequency group and CO2 laser group showed statistical significance and linear trends in jitter ,shimmer ,HNR over time by univariate test of repeated measurement ANOVA (P < 0 .05) .The differences of acoustic parameters (jitter ,shimmer ,HNR)between radiofrequency group and CO 2 laser group were statistically significant by multiva‐riate test of repeated measurement ANOVA (P< 0 .05) .The differences of 3 - years survival rate ,local recurrence rate ,recurrence rate with anterior commissure involved and postoperative adhesion rate with anterior commissure in ‐volved were not statistically significant between radiofrequency group and CO 2 laser group (P > 0 .05) .All of the patients had not underwent tracheotomy .They did not have cough ,dyspnea ,severe pain ,hemoptysis ,serious compli‐cations after surgery .Conclusion Both radiofrequency coblation and CO 2 laser are safe and effective surgical meth‐ods in the treatment of early glottic carcinoma .The operation time of radiofrequency coblation is shorter than CO 2 laser surgery .The mucosal recovery in 1 month after surgery and acoustic recovery of radiofrequenay coblation are all better than that of the CO2 laser surgery .

Objective: To determine the water content and water phase distribution of Xiancao prescription effervescent granules by a more rapid, accurate and non-destructive low-field NMR instrument. Methods: The standard curve equation of water content and FID signal amplitude was fitted by calibrating the FID signal amplitude of four different mass of manganese chloride solutions. Three parts of Xiancao prescription effervescent granules were obtained by dry and wet granulation to test their FID signals and calculated the water content of dry and wet granulation by the fitting standard curve equation; Then the results were compared according to decompression drying of pharmacopeia standard. Results: The water content of effervescent tablets was convenient and rapid, and the result was stable and accurate. Compared with the standard decompression drying method, the water content measured by low field NMR instrument was less than 0.3%. Conclusion: Due to the decompression drying method can’t be Xiancao prescription effervescent granules within the bound water completely dry, sum of effervescent granules particles inside bound water and free water instrument is measured by low-field NMR, which can clearly show an effective method for the study of physical properties of three different phase water molecules in the process of drug manufacturing.

Objective To investigate the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to explore its mechanisms. Methods 42 patients with moderate to severity chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in stable stage were random-ly divided into melatonin group and control group,and 21 patients in each group treated with melatonin(3 mg/d) or placebo for 3 months respectively. The plasma levels of 8- isoprotane,IL-8,TNF-α,h-CRP pulmonary func-tion,six minutes walking test and MRC dyspnea score before treatment,2 months and 3 months after the treatment were analyzed. Results After 2 months of treatment,compared to placebo groups,melatonin could significantly decrease the concentration of 8-isoprotane(10.40 ± 5.4 vs. 16.92 ± 4.33,P<0.05),and the concentration of IL-8 (6.88 ± 2.37 vs. 11.33 ± 3.39,P < 0.05). After 3 months of treatment,compared to placebo groups,melatonin could significantly decrease the concentration of 8-isoprotane(9.40 ± 4.0 vs. 17.92 ± 3.33,P < 0.01),and IL-8 (5.67 ± 3.22 vs. 9.31 ± 3.23,P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment,melatonin could significantly de-creased the concentration of 8-isoprotane(9.40 ± 4.0 vs. 20.40 ± 8.4,P<0.01 )and IL-8(5.67 ± 3.22 vs. 12.33 ± 3.88,P<0.05)after 3 months. Meanwhile,the concentration of the TNF-α(25.83 ± 9.18 vs. 35.83 ± 12.18,P<0.05)and hypersensitive C(1.76 ± 1.18 vs. 3.09 ± 1.79,P < 0.05)reactive protein in the melatonin group was greatly lower than the placebo group. After 3 months,compared to the placebo group,MRC dyspnea score of pa-tients in the group of melatonin was improved significantly(1.56 ± 1.38 vs. 2.09 ± 1.16,P<0.05 ),and lung func-tion and six minutes walk test showed no significant difference between patients in the two groups. Conclusions Exogenous melatonin administration can decrease the concentration of 8-isoprotane,IL-8,TNF-αand h-CRP in the blood of patients with moderate to severe COPD ,and improve the MRC dyspnea score. Melatonin has a significant effect on reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory reaction in patients with moderate and severe stage stable COPD,which demonstrates its potential therapeutic value with broad clinical application prospects.

Objective To analysis the consequence of current perception threshold (CPT) by different frequency and time of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Methods CPT of foramen area and arm area was measured to evaluate the effect of TENS. Different frequency and time of TENS was given to 30 healthy volunteers. Stimulating to Hegu, CPT of the foramen area and the arm area on the same side was measured. Results CPT of the foramen area increased with stimulation. Low frequency of TENS inhibited the chronic pain significantly(P＜0.05),high frequency of TENS inhibited both of the chronic pain and the acute pain(P＜0.05). The inhibition of pain is more influenced by the frequency of TENS than the time of it. Conclusion Channel and point of TENS can influence CPT of the specific reaction area. And the choice of appropriate frequency of the treatment is more important than extending the treatment time alone.

Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukocyte Elastase ; isolation & purification ; Neutropenia ; congenital ; enzymology

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Foot Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain Management ; Spinal Stenosis ; complications

In the health service field,health resources and health service supple capacity were related with the resource and capacity in economics.Health resources,health service supple capacity and their relationships were important factors for the cooperation and benign interaction of hierarchical medical institutions.However,inversion of health resources and health dislocation of service supply capacity exacerbated the agglomeration degree of patients in the tertiary medical institutions under the impact of residents' freely searching for medical service concept.Vicious interaction and mutual competition among hierarchical medical institutions had become an important obstacle for the implementation of hierarchical medical services.Therefore,its mechanism needed to be clarified while the corresponding policy recommendations should be proposed.

Acquaintance of the lymph node is very important to evaluate whether the tumor is malignant or benign and therefore to the treatment of the tumors. Lymphography is now considered the gold standard for this purpose. Many computer aided diagnose (CAD) technologies have been developed to help radiologists to diagnose the tumor by the lymphography cases. In this paper, a computer aided diagnose model is constructed by Semi-naive Bayes Classification. The experiments carried out in our laboratory validated the Semi-Naive Bayes Classification on lymphography case. The result of experiments showed that Semi-Naive Bayes Classification could classify lymphography case effectively.
Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; diagnosis ; Lymphography ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis