Submacular Hemorrhage (SMH) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a challenging disorder for vision protection. Varied surgical interventions have been suggested in its management. The author herein reviewed some aspects related to SMH in AMD such as its risk factors, secondary damages, natural course and surgical management including different techniques,outcomes and complications.

To evaluate the role and efficacy of vitrectomy in the treatment of eye injuries in children with posterior segment involvement, forty-six eyes in 45 children aged under 16 with injuries involved posterior segment treated with pars plana vitreetomy are studied retrospectively. Six eyes underwent vitreetomy only, the others combined with seleral buekling and/ or gas-fluid exchange, and rarely, silicon oil tam-ponade; Seventeen eyes with lensectomy. Thirty-four (73.91%) of the 46 eyes achieved surgical success. Of 13 (28.26%) eyes with retinal detachments, six (46.15%) achieved reatachment. The failure of surgery was mainly due to retinal detachment, which mostly characterized by anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). We conclude that pars plana vitrectomy is an important therapeutic operation for eye injury in children with posterior segment involvement. The key factor that influence the outcome of eye injury in children is the treatment of traumatic retinal deatchment.

Clinical analysis of 42 cases of scleral rupture revealed that the injures were caused by blunt objects in 42.9％ and by sharp objects in 38.1％ of the cases. The wound was mostly on the nasal side of the eye (71.43％ OD) and (78.95％ OS) with no correlation to the causes. The concurrent manifestations included hyphema (63.4％), posterior uveal or vitreous prolapse or vitreous heamorrhage (52.3％), and lens opacity or missing (over 21.4％). Enucleation was performed in 9 cases,of which 7 cases followed blunt contusion. The indications for enucleation were that the scleral wound extending posteriorly beyond the rectus muscle insertions or≥10mm in length,visual acuity≤LP, hyphema, lens dislocated or missing and vitreous heamorrhage.

Nocardia asteroides endophthalmitis is a rare and severe intraocular bacterial infection.In this paper we present the first reported ease in China,to our knowledge,of chronic suppurative endophthalmitis caused by Nocardia asteroides after ocular perforative trauma.Cases of exogenous Nocardia endophthalmitis in foreign literature are reviewed,and the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment,as well as prognosis of exogenous Nocardia endophthalmitis, are extensively discussed.

Objective To investigate effects cytokine of rhIFN-a and their on ultrastructure of hypertrophic scar derived fibroblasts and explore its mechanism.Methods Hypertrophic scar fibroblasts cultivated in vitro were observed and analysed through transmission elextron microscope(TEM).Then the effects of rhIFN-a on biological behavior and pathological changes of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts have been determined.(Results) Compared with the control group,the experimental rhIFN-a group could be observed changes in inhibition of fibroblasts growth and proliferation with the mitochondrion swelling,its ridge dissolving and apoptosis promoting.Conclusions rhIFN-a can suppress growth and proliferation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and promotes apoptosis.This indicates that ,as a negative modulation factor,rhIFN-a is important in the treatment of hypertrophic scar.

OBJECTIVE:TO summarize the newest clinical application of permanent cardiac pacemaker, and introduce the relationship between the therapy efficacy and mechanism.DATA SOURCES: Related papers were searched in Pubmed from January 2000 to December 2006 with the terms of "pacemaker,application",and the language of paper was limited to English,at the same time,related papers were searched in WangFang Database with the same terms and the language of paper was limited to Chinese.STUDY SELECTION:The papers relevant to the newest large-scale clinical trial about the cardiac pacemaker were primarily collected.Exclusion criteria:repetitive studies.DATA EXTRACTION:A total of 203 pieces of papers related to the newest clinical application of cardiac pacemaker were collected,among which,30 pieces accorded with the inclusion criteria.DATA SYNTHESIS:The pacemaker can simulate the normal myocardium cell's function pacing and conducting the rhythm. Consequently it can substitute the abnormal myocardium cell to ensure the sequence and completeness of the cardiac pacing and conducting system,the natural electrophysiological activity,and the efficiency of the cardiac ejection and blood supply.The clinical application is not only for single bradycardia, but also for cardiac electric failure, cardiac electric turbulence,and some heart diseases without cardiac electric abnormity.With pacemaker miniaturization,digital signal processing, improved diagnostics and endocardial electrograms, modern pacemakers are able to offer a sophisticated therapeutic and diagnostic platform for the patients with refractory symptoms.CONCLUSION:The pacemaker can simulate the normal myocardium cell's function pacing and conducting the rhythm.It therapy for congenital heart disease.

The clinical implication of microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in breast cancer and the relationship between them were studied. Specimens of 53 cases of breast cancer were examined for MVD in tumor and VEGF expression by using immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the mean MVD in node-positive breast cancers and in the patients with postoperative distant metastasis was higher than that in node-negative breast cancers and those without metastasis, respectively (both P<0.01). The expression rate of VEGF in breast cancer was 67.92 % and was closely relative to MVD. It was suggested that MVD was closely correlated with metastasis of the tumors and might be a useful prognostic indicator for breast cancer. VEGF might be an important factor responsible for the induction of angiogenesis in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To select the proper experimental animal model for research on prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia. METHOD: Hyperlipidemia models of mouse, rat, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, pigeon and quail often used in the last ten years were compared. RESULTS: Golden hamster and guinea pig models are similar to human beings in lipid metabolism and have unique superiority in experimental study, while the models of rat, mouse, pigeon and quail have significant difference as compared with human beings. Rabbit is one of the best animal models in studying new drugs for regulating lipid and treating arteriosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Factors such as the required time, indexes, the duration of making models, and the cost and feeding of animals should be considered in selecting animal models according with the experimental requirements.

Objective To study the image findings and clinical characteristics ofmultislice helical CT (MSCT) in intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas.Methods Fifteen patients of pathologically confirmed intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas were studied retrospectively.The image findings of MSCT and clinical manifestations,laboratory tests of each case were recorded respectively.Results All patients image findings of MSCT:density was uneven,moderately low congestion densities was 14 patients.High and low congestion densities was 1 patient,pathologically confirmed bleeding.Obscure boundary and atrophy of liver lobe was 10 patients,adjacent liver capsule retraction was 11 patients,combined with ductal dilatation was 11 patients,intrabepatic calculi was 5 patients,ductal wall thickening with or without narrowed bile duct was 9 patients,satellite nodules was 10 patients.Enhancement scanning showed:peripheral enhancement was 11 patients,arterial phase border enhancement was 11 patients,all had delayed enhancement,honeycomb-like enhancement was 3 patients,obliteration or invasion of portal vein was 11 patients.Conclusion There are some clinical characteristics of MSCT findings in intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas.

Objective To investigate relationship of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)at rs5029924 locus in A20 promoter region and posttraumatic sepsis.Methods PCR-DNA sequencing was used to analyze different gene distribution at rs5029924 locus of 103 trauma patients with sepsis (Group A),120 trauma patients without sepsis (Group B) and 135 healthy peoples (control group).Relation of different genotypes at rs5029924 locus to sepsis susceptibility was analyzed.Peripheral blood cells of healthy peoples of different genotypes were stimulated using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro.Expression of A20 mRNA was measured by fluorescent quantitative PCR,expression of A20 protein by flow cytometry,and levels of TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA method.Results Frequency of rs5029924 genotypes CC,CT and TT was respective 77.8％,20.0％ and 2.2％ in control group； 63.1％,34.0％ and 2.9％ in Group A； 83.3％,15.0％ and 1.7％ in Group B.Significantly lower frequency of CC genotype was observed in Group A when compared to Group B and control group (P ＜0.05),but no statistical differences were recorded between Group B and control group (P ＞ 0.05).CT/TT genotype increased risk coefficient of sepsis to 2.397-fold higher level when compared to CC genotype.Allele T increased prevalence of sepsis significantly as well (OR =2.056) when compared to allele C.After LPS treatment in vitro,CC genotype individuals revealed significantly higher levels of A20 mRNA and protein in peripheral blood leukocytes,but significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-1 β when compared to CT/TT genotype individuals.Conclusion Polymorphism of rs5029924 locus is associated with sepsis susceptibility and the reason may be that mutant genes affect promoter activity and down-regulate A20 expression,which fails to suppress inflammation.