The purpose of the present study was focused the anthropometric charateristics of normal Korean eyes, including inclination, height, width, epicanthus and upper eyelid crease. The author measured normal eyes and investigated incidence of epicanthal fold and upper eyelid crease in 774 males and 658 females with photographs. The epicanthus were classified by three types and the upper eyelid crease were classified by four types. The angle of inclination of eyes was larger in females than males and in young ages than old ages. Incidence of the slanting eye over 10 degree was 34.1 % in males and 41.0% in females. Incidence of the epicanthal fold was 57.0%, and there was no difference between males and females. The most common type of the epicanthal fold was type I. Incidence of the upper eyelid crease was 30.9% in males, 47.2% in females. The most common type of the upper eyelid crease was parallel (or floating) type. In conclusion, the anthropometric characteristics of normal Korean or oriental eyes are apart each other and slanting eyes in addition to puffy eyelid, narrow palpebral fissure, presence of epicanthal fold and absence of upper eyelid crease.
Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male

The human head form has always been one of the main interests of the visual art and its artistic representation has been different from era to era, place to place, and individual artist to artist. The proportion of the head and face used by artists is different from the actual proportion in that it was developed to represent the ideal form. Though anthropometry is useful method to establish standards, the data of anthropometry are too complex and detailed to be directly applied to the field of art. This study was performed to present the anthropometry -based standard Korean face which can be utilized in visual arts. Fourteen hundred Korean profiles (630 males and 770 females) were investigated. Ten anthropometrical landmarks were selected and the distance between these points was measured. Nine indexes were developed from these measurements. Actual size of the face was measured for 2 categories, and photographs of face was used for 10 categories including 2 non -metric traits were determined. All measured values were significantly greater in males. Lower face -upper lip index and middle face -ear index were greater in male, however ear index was greater in female. Though the sexual difference in those indexes were statistically significant, when visualized on the canvas, it cannot be distinguished male from female based on those indexes. In individual facial profile, the alare was situated in front of the line which connecting the glabella and the cheilion in 40% and 70% of male and female, respectively. The cheilion was situated in front of that line in two third of both male and female. A cheek covered the alare in 62% of female, much higher percentage compared to the 27% in male. Generally cheek of older individual had more tendency to cover the alare. Data of this study showed difference from those of the Caucasian in all 9 indexes. Especially total head height -length index and middle face -lower face index were strikingly different and can be characteristic features worth considering when visualizing Korean. The representation of Korean face has been subject to the image that the artist himself had perceived. The proportion of the profile of Korean face may be used as an important reference for artists.
Anthropometry ; Cheek ; Ear ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Lip ; Male

The current model of compact bone is that of a system of Haversian (longitudinal) canals connected by Volkmann's (transverse) canals. Models based on either histology or microcomputed tomography do not accurately represent the morphologic detail and microstructure of this system, especially that of the canal networks and their spatial relationships. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the morphologic pattern and network of the Haversian system and to compare endosteal and periosteal sides in rats using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Ten Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8-10 weeks were used. The femurs were harvested from each rat and fixed, decalcified with 10% EDTA-2Na, serially sectioned at a thickness of 5 microm, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The serial sections were reconstructed three-dimensionally using Reconstruct software. The Haversian canals in the endosteal region were found to be large, highly interconnected, irregular, and close to neighboring canals. In contrast, the canals in the periosteal region were straight and small. This combined application of 3D reconstruction and histology examinations to the Haversian system has confirmed its microstructure, showing a branched network pattern on the endosteal side but not on the periosteal side.
Animals ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Femur ; Haversian System* ; Hematoxylin ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Ray Microtomography

The face is the most important for individual identification, which showed racial and regional differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate that how much highly locate the facial structures in the face. In total, 551 Korean young adult volunteers with no deformity or surgical history of the face (218 males and 333 females) were selected. Subjects were photographed while sitting and assuming a standard head position, such that the porion and inferior orbital margin were in the same horizontal plane (Frankfurt plane), and they were gazing forward. The total face height was measured vertically from trichion to gnathion. And total face height was divided three heights such as upper, mid, and lower face height. Total face height of male was larger about 6% than female. The ratio of lower face height about upper face height was calculated, it showed 55.7% in male and 50.3 in female. The face was classified into three sets including high-set, mid-set, and low-set according the ratio. The male face showed relatively high-set face, while female face showed relatively low-set face. The present study is the first study to investigate about high- or low-set face, and the result is useful data to identify characteristics of the east Asian population including Korean.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Orbit ; Volunteers ; Young Adult

Recently, in most medical schools of Korea, the educational method of gross anatomy, the first subject in medical education, has changed in several directions such as integrated lecture or problem-based learning (PBL). Therefore, the time of the lecture was constrained to reduce. The name of the gross anatomy integrated with embryology changed to 'human body and development' in Konkuk university since 2006. In addition to the classical dissection practice, the 'dissection seminar' was introduced since 2006. It was a method of dissection practice that one group demonstrate the procedure of dissection and explains the structures of the predissected cadaver to other students about the assigned subject. The questionnaire about dissection seminar was performed after the anatomy course. The most common opinion about dissection seminar was 'interesting and helpful for studying anatomy'. The common answers about the attitude were 'very positive' and 'positive'. The affirmatives during dissection seminar were in depth study and improve in collaboration. The inconveniences or lacks were insufficient time to prepare, unfairness in difficulty between the subjects, and discord among group members. The propositions for development were requirement of sufficient preparation time, request of guideline, and consideration of other schedule. As a result of self-estimation about dissection seminar, the direction of the dissection seminar have been advancing with time, and students became more interested in studying anatomy. The most important thing for maintaining the dissection seminar is making proper plan such as avoidance of examination of another subject.
Appointments and Schedules ; Cadaver ; Cooperative Behavior ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Korea ; Problem-Based Learning ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schools, Medical

It was known that lateral view of caucasian's face is projected roundly, however, that of Asian's face is flat relatively. The aim of this study was to investigate the facial depths of Korean and to find the existence of the difference with Caucasian. We used the standardized photographs of 852 individuals (559 men, 293 women) of Korean young adults between 20~39 years old and measured items using image analyzer. Measurement items were five anterior-posterior lengths between points from tragion to sellion, pronasale, subnasale, stomion, and gnathion. The facial depth of the Korean showed no significant difference based on laterality. Items such as tragion-sellion length, tragion-pronasale length, and tragion-subnasale length were showed minor difference according to gender. As results that compared upper, middle, and lower facial depths with caucasian, Korean had generally short facial depths. The lateral shape of face of Korean showed relatively flat, because the lower facial depth was longest due to projection of mandibular part especially.
Humans ; Male ; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to analyze the difference of the measurements of mandible between young male and female using three dimensional reconstruction images derived from the facial bone CT images. Type classification of mandible was performed based on the angle of base of mandible and the angle of mandibular margin observed from the anterior view and the correlation among the measurement items was analyzed. One hundred-ninety five young adults facial CT were collected from the Konkuk University medical center (98 females, 97 males; mean age 25.9 years, range 18~38 years). Three dimensional images of the face were reconstructed using software from CT images of whole specimens. The angle of the base of the mandible, the angle of the mandibular margin, total length of mandibualr margin, and the height of mandibular symphysis were measured. All measurement items were larger and longer in male than female (P<0.05). Three types were classified according to the mandibular angle. In female, the subjects were evenly distributed among groups, but group I which had large mandibular angle was most common in male. The smaller the height of mandibular symphysis, the larger the angle of base of mandible or the angle of mandibular margin (P<0.05).
Academic Medical Centers ; Classification ; Facial Bones ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible* ; Young Adult

The tissues of gluteal region including skin and underlying gluteus maximus muscle are used for reconstructions of head and neck deformities caused by trauma and lumbosacral defects caused by bed sores, and for reconstruction of breast. Moreover, gluteus maximus flaps were used for reconstruction of anal -and vaginal -sphincter dysfunctions after radical resection for treatment of cancer in anorectal or vaginal region. Because the knowledge on the precise course and branching patterns of the arteries supplying the gluteus maximus muscle enables the prediction of the safety of surgery, the perforating branches supplying skin and subcutaneous tissues which exited from the gluteus maximus muscle, the positions of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries exited from pelvic cavity under the gluteus maximus muscle, and the course of these arteries under surface of the muscle were investigated. Total ninety -one dissected gluteus maximus from 47 Korean cadavers (44 bilateral specimens and 3 unilateral specimens) were observed. The perforating branches exited from the gluteus maximus were divided into upper and lower parts. The superior gluteal artery supplied upper two fifth of gluteal region and the inferior gluteal artery supplied the rest of gluteal region. The positions of superior and inferior gluteal arteries exited from pelvic cavity were in 1 cm medial to upper one third point on connecting line from posterior superior iliac spine to greater trochanter of femur, and middle point on connecting line from posterior superior iliac spine to ischial spine, respectively. The courses of the superior and the inferior gluteal arteries were classified into four types by distribution patterns. The most common incidence (46.5%) was observed in the typical type (Type I) that the superior and inferior gluteal artery supplied the upper or lower part of gluteus maximus muscle, respectively. The incidence of type II that some branches of inferior gluteal artery run up to the area supplied by superior gluteal artery was 16.3%. In contrast to type II, the incidence of type III that some branches of superior gluteal artery run down to the area supplied by inferior gluteal artery was 18.6%. The incidence of Type IV that only superior gluteal artery supplied the muscle was 18.6%.
Arteries* ; Breast ; Buttocks ; Cadaver ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Femur ; Head ; Incidence ; Myocutaneous Flap* ; Neck ; Pressure Ulcer ; Skin ; Spine ; Subcutaneous Tissue

The present study involved a detailed investigation of 3 cases of bifid rib, focusing on anatomical features, and classified them into 2 types. The bifid ribs were in the right fourth rib of all 3 male cadavers. The upper intercostal spaces of the fourth bifid rib were considerably narrowed, whereas the lower intercostal spaces were widened. Although the size and shape of the bifid space between the upper and lower divisions of the bifid rib were different, the intercostal muscles were present in the bifid space in all cases. The third anterior intercostal artery from the internal thoracic artery supplied the bifid space in all cases. In 2 cases, the fourth intercostal nerve ran along the inferior margin of the fourth bifid rib and innervated the muscles of the bifid space. In the third case, there was another branch from the third intercostal nerve supplying the muscles of the bifid space as well as the fourth intercostal nerve. The bifid ribs are associated with other diseases or develop accidentally or sporadically. Knowledge of this malformation is needed for the differential diagnosis with other diseases, such as a chest wall tumor or costal fracture.
Aged, 80 and over ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ribs/*abnormalities/*anatomy & histology/radiography

This study investigated the topographic relationships among the eyeball and four orbital margins with the aim of identifying the correlation between orbital geometry and eyeball protrusion in Koreans. Three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering of the face was performed using serial computed-tomography images of 141 Koreans, and several landmarks on the bony orbit and the cornea were directly marked on the 3D volumes. The anterior-posterior distances from the apex of the cornea to each orbital margin and between the orbital margins were measured in both eyes. The distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior, medial, inferior, and lateral orbital margins were 5.8, 5.8, 12.0, and 17.9 mm, respectively. Differences between sides were observed in all of the orbital margins, and the distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior and inferior orbital margins were significantly greater in females than in males. The anterior-posterior distance between the superior and inferior orbital margins did not differ significantly between males (6.3 mm) and females (6.2 mm). The data obtained in this study will be useful when developing practical guidelines applicable to forensic facial reconstruction and orbitofacial surgeries.
Cornea ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orbit*