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Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Paraproteinemias

BACKGROUND: The Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS), which was established in December 31st, 1999, is a nationwide system of deceased donor detection and distribution. From its inception, KONOS has defined marginal donors and used this definition for over 15 years. However, this definition should be reevaluated to determine if it requires revision. This study was conducted to confirm the feasibility of the main study for revision of the marginal donor definition in deceased donor kidney transplantation. METHODS: This study is a retrospective meta-analysis of 786 patients who had deceased donor kidney transplant from six centers. After the data validation process, multivariable analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the marginal donor criteria of KONOS or UNOS expected adequately in terms of graft survival and delayed graft function (DGF). RESULTS: Neither the KONOS or UNOS criteria affected graft survival. Expanded criteria for donors of UNOS was a risk factor for DGF. However, KONOS criteria did not affect DGF. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this preliminary study, there is a need to conduct a study to revise the marginal donor criteria of KONOS in deceased donor kidney transplantation. Such a study should have large scale and long-term follow-up data.
Brain Death ; Delayed Graft Function ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Kidney* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tissue Donors*

Accelerated atherosclerosis is not only a frequent complication but also the most common cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Although mechanisms are unclear, disorder of lipid metabolism may be a major factor. Since apolipo-protein (apo) E is known to play a major regulatory role in lipid metabolism, we evaluated apo E genotype in 72 male patients with CRF and compared with that in 194 rnale normal controls. In addition, we measured plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and evaluated them according to apo E genotype in patients and controls. Apo E genotype was determined with the INNO-LiPA Apo E kit (Innogenetics, Belgium), which is based on reverse hybridization. The results are as follows ; 1) The distribution of the three major apo E alleles in patients with CRF ( e 2: 6.2%, e 3: 80.6%, e 4: 13.2%) was not different from that in controls ( e 2: 4.1%, e 3: 87.6%, e 4: 8.3%). 2) In patients with CRF, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower and the triglyceride and lipoprotein (a) levels were significantly higher than those in controls. 3) In controls, E 4/3 group had significantly lower levels of HDL than E 3/3 and E 3/2 groups. In patients with CRF, E 4/3 group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and apo B lipoprotein than E3/2 group. In conclusion, although there was no significant difference in the apo E genotype frequencies between male patients with CRF and controls, apo E polymorphism may play an important role in the determination of individual differences in plasma lipids in male patients with CRF.
Alleles ; Apolipoproteins B ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Atherosclerosis ; Cause of Death ; Cholesterol ; Genotype ; Humans ; Individuality ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins ; Male* ; Plasma* ; Triglycerides

BACKGROUND: This study describes a novel analytical method for simultaneously determining sarpogrelate and its metabolite (M-1) in human plasma, using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. METHODS: Sarpogrelate, M-1, and labeled internal standard (d3-sarpogrelate) were extracted from 50 microL of human plasma by simple protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation was performed by using a linear gradient elution of a mobile phase involving water-formic acid (99.9:0.1, v/v) and acetonitrile-formic acid (99.9:0.1, v/v) over 4 min of run time on a column, with a core-shell-type stationary phase (Kinetex C18, 50 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 2.6-microm particle size, Phenomenex, USA). Detection of the column effluent was performed by using a triple-quadruple mass spectrometer in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS: The developed method was validated in human plasma, with lower limits of quantification of 10 ng/mL for sarpogrelate and 2 ng/mL for M-1. The calibration curves of sarpogrelate and M-1 were linear over the concentration ranges of 10-2,000 and 2-400 ng/mL, respectively (R2>0.99). The carry-over effect, precision, accuracy, and stability of the method met the criteria for acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: A simple, fast, robust, and reliable analytical method was successfully developed and applied to the high-throughput determination of sarpogrelate and its metabolite in real plasma samples in a pharmacokinetic study of healthy subjects.
Calibration ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry* ; Particle Size ; Plasma* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We evaluated gastric emptying time (GET) by using Tc99m-sulfur colloid gastric emptying scintigraphy in 11 patients with CAPD (6 male, 5 female) and 14 healthy volunteers. We investigated the effect of dialysate dwelling on GET by studying twice, once without dialysate in the abdomen (drained) and once with 2 L of dialysate in the abdomen (full), and the relationship between body surface area (BSA) and delayed gastric emptying. 1) The mean of gastric emptying rate in 120 minute in patients with CAPD when drained (67.8+/-13.4%) was not different from that in healthy volunteers (65.4+/-8.6%) 2) The mean of gastric emptying rate in 120 minute when full (55.6+/-14.6%) was significantly lower than that when drained (67.8+/-13.4%) (P<0.05). In four of the 11 patients (36.4%), gastric emptying was extremely delayed from normal to abnormal range when full. 3) The BSA (1.5+/-0.11m2)of patients who had extremely delayed GET from normal to abnormal range was smaller than that (1.74+/-0.22m2) of patients who had minimal delayed or unchanged GET when full. This study showed the patient with CAPD had normal gastric emptying when drained, and that gastric emptying was delayed by dialysate dwelling, especially in the patients who has less than 1.5m2 of body surface area. Therefore, we suggest that intermittent nocturnal peritoneal dialysis or a small volume of dialysate may be considered for the patient with small body surface area based on the adequacy.
Abdomen ; Body Surface Area ; Colloids ; Gastric Emptying* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Radionuclide Imaging

Diarrea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is very rare in adults. Few reports are available on clinical features and plasma exchange in adult patients with diarrhea-associated HUS in Korea. We retrospectively examined the records of five adult patients with diarrhea-associated HUS admitted to Samsung Seoul Hospital between January 1995 and December 1997. If the patient had neurologic abnormalities, or there was rapid clinical deterioration, with the hematocrit decreasing below 20%, the platelet count falling below 10,000/mm3, the creatinine concentration increasing above 5.0 mg/dl, plasma exchange was begun. There were 4 females and 1 male. Patients ranged in age from 16 to 61 years. All patients presented with diarrhea and abdominal pain, and 3 patients had bloody diarrhea. The mean time between the onset of diarrhea and thrombocytopenia was 4.4+/-1.9 days (range, 1 to 6). All patients received 7 to 24 plasma exchanges. The mean exchanged plasma volume was 1.1+/-0.2 times of patients own plasma volume. The pattern of clinical response to plasma exchange was initial normalization of platelet count (8.0+/-3.8 days), followed by normalization of LDH level (20.2+/-14.5 days) and creatinine concentration (25.8+/-13.8 days). Metabolic alkalosis developed in two patients undergoing daily plasma exchange. We successfully managed the metabolic alkalosis with continuous venovenous hemofiltration. The mean duration of hospitalization was 28.8+/-11.2days (range, 20 to 42). All patients successfully recovered without any sequale. Although this study is based on small case series, we suggested that plasma exchange may improve the outcome in adult diarrhea-associated HUS.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult* ; Alkalosis ; Creatinine ; Diarrhea ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Hemofiltration ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Plasma Exchange* ; Plasma Volume ; Plasma* ; Platelet Count ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Thrombocytopenia

Cockcroft and Gault's formula is frequently used to estimate creatinine (Ccr) in clinical practice. To determine the accuracy of such estimation in Korean patients, we measured simultaneously, serum creatinine and 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion in 696 Korean patients (male:350, female:346). Measured Ccr was significantly different from estimated Ccr in several age groups and the decrease of creatinine excretion with age is less than Cockcroft and Gault's estimation. We assumed that this difference can be due to difference of the body habitus and difference of urinary creatinine excretion per body weight between different races. So we divided the sample population into two groups and derived the new formula in one group with regression analysis between age and 24 hour urinary creatinine excretion per body weight for estimation of Ccr as Cockcroft and Gault derived their formula and applied it to another group to compare the new formula with Cockcroft and Gault's formula in Korean patients. The new formula was Ccr (mL/min)=[ (260-age)x weight (kg)]/[160 x serumCr (mg/dL)] for male and Ccr (mL/min)-[ (236-age) x weight (kg)]/[180 x serum Cr (mg/dL)] for female. Predictive accuracy of the new formula was significantly better than the Cockcroft and Gault's formula in the other sample population and also in subgroup of the patients with azotemia.
Azotemia ; Body Weight ; Continental Population Groups ; Creatinine* ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Male

BACKGROUND: The urinary protein to creatinine ratio in a single voided random urine sample has been widely used as an estimation of 24 hour urine protein excretion because of inconvenience and frequent collection errors during timed collection of 24 hour urine. But the protein to creatinine ratio also showed frequent estimating error, overestimation or underestimation. We thought that protein to creatinine ratio adjusted by daily creatinine excretion estimated by Cockroft-Gault equation can be more accurate than protein to creatinine ratio and compared them as follows. METHODS: This study consisted of 81 patients whose 24 hour urine protein excretion and random spot urine protein to creatinine ratio were measured concomitantly. There was no significant change of body weight or serum creatinine change around the study day. The modified protein to creatinine ratio could be estimated from the measured protein to creatinine ratio in a random spot urine sample by multiplying the ratio by the expected daily creatinine excretion estimated by Cockroft-Gault equation. These results were compared with well collected 24 hour urine protein. RESULTS: The difference between protein to creatinine ratio and 24 hour urine protein was 0.87+/-1.13, on the other hand, the difference between modified protein to creatinine ratio and 24 hour urine protein was 0.52+/-0.65 (p<0.05). Correlation coefficients between protein to creatinine ratio, modified protein to creatinine ratio and 24 hour urine protein were 0.877, 0.957 respectively. CONCLUSION: The protein to creatinine ratio modified by the expected daily creatinine excreation rate calculated by Cockfort-Gault equation was more accurate than simple protein to creatinine ratio.
Body Weight ; Creatinine* ; Hand ; Humans

Growth factor-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), generating phosphatidic acid (PA) which may act as a second messenger during cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, PLD is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, a potential mechanism for PLD-mediated tumorigenesis was explored. Ectopic expression of PLD1 or PLD2 in human glioma U87 cells increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein. PLD-induced HIF-1 activation led to the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a HIF-1 target gene involved in tumorigenesis. PLD induction of HIF-1alpha was significantly attenuated by 1-butanol which blocks PA production by PLD, and PA per se was able to elevate HIF-1alpha protein level. Inhibition of mTOR, a PA-responsive kinase, reduced the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in PLD-overexpressed cells. Epidermal growth factor activated PLD and increased the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in U87 cells. A specific PLD inhibitor abolished expression of HIF-1alpha and secretion of VEGF. PLD may utilize HIF-1-VEGF pathway for PLD-mediated tumor cell proliferation and survival.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Glioma/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphatidic Acids/*metabolism ; Phospholipase D/genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*metabolism