In the article, Methods of Hematoxylin and Erosin Image Information Acquisition and Optimization in Confocal Microscopy, there was a typographical error in the title.

PURPOSE: Most men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of high-performance system (HPS) laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) for the treatment of BPH in men with detrusor underactivity (DU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2009, 371 patients with BPH were divided into 2 groups according to the findings of preoperative urodynamic study: 239 (64.4%) patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and 132 (35.6%) patients with bladder outlet obstruction with detrusor underactivity (BOO+DU). 120 W HPS laser PVP was performed to resolve the BOO. The perioperative data and postoperative results at 1 month and 12 months, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum urinary flow (Qmax), and postvoid residual urine (PVR) values, were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with the preoperative parameters, significant improvements in IPSS, Qmax, and PVR were observed in each group at 1 and 12 months after the operation. In addition, IPSS, Qmax, and PVR were not significantly different between the BOO and BOO+DU groups at 1 and 12 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery to relieve BOO in the patients with BPH seems to be an appropriate treatment modality regardless of the existence of DU.
Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Male ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction ; Urodynamics ; Volatilization

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the mid-term results and efficacy of subtalar distraction double bone-block arthrodesis for calcaneal malunion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2004 to June 2007, we operated on 6 patients (10 cases). There were 5 males (9 cases) and 1 female (1 case), four of which presented with bilateral calcaneal malunion. Seven cases were operated on initially. The period between initial injury and arthrodesis was 23 months, and the average follow up period was 58 months. In operation, we applied an extensile lateral approach and arthrodesis was performed through a tricortical double bone-block and cannulated screws. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot scale was used for clinical evaluation. In radiologic analysis, plain X-ray and CT were examined to assess union and various parameters. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 41 years. All cases achieved radiologic union at the final follow-up. The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot scale (maximum of 94 points) increased from 43.3 points preoperatively to 85.4 points at the final follow-up. The radiologic analysis of the pre- and postoperative standing lateral radiographs showed improvements of 5.6 mm in talo-calcaneal height, 1.8degrees in talocalcaneal angle, 5.1degrees in talar declination angle and 5.3degrees in talo-first metatarsal angle. CONCLUSION: Subtalar distraction two bone-block arthrodesis provides overall good results not only in the short term but also the mid-term with significant improvement in clinical and radiologic outcomes. This procedure warrants consideration for managing calcaneal malunion with loss of height and subtalar arthritis.
Adult ; Arthrodesis/methods ; Calcaneus/*injuries/surgery ; Female ; Fractures, Malunited/*surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

In the initial published version of this article, there was a mistake in the title. The correct title should be “Impact of Day 14 Peripheral Blood Chimerism after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation on the Treatment Outcome of Non-Malignant Disease”.

Diabetes is related with a number of cystopathic complications. However, there have been no studies about the influence of alcohol consumption in the bladder of type 2 diabetes. Thus, we investigated the effect of moderate alcohol intake in the bladder of the Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) diabetic rat. The non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO, n=14) and the OLETF control group (n=14) were fed an isocaloric diet; the LETO (n=14) and the OLETF ethanol group (n=14) were fed 36% ethanol 7 g/kg/day. After ten weeks, muscarinic receptors, RhoGEFs, myogenic change, and the level of oxidative stress were evaluated. Moderate alcohol intake significantly decreased excessive muscarinic receptor and Rho kinase expressions in the OLETF rats compared with the LETO rats. In addition, iNOS and collagen expression were not changed in the OLETF rats in spite of alcohol consumption. Superoxide dismutase levels, which is involved in antioxidant defense, in the LETO rats were significantly decreased after alcohol consumption, however those in the OLETF rats were similar. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces the oxidative stress, and may prevent molecular and pathologic changes of the bladder of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications/*metabolism/pathology ; Ethanol/*toxicity ; Humans ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred OLETF ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/*drug effects/*metabolism/pathology

PURPOSE: Testosterone replacement therapy is an effective treatment for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) despite a few contraindications and side-effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether modified Ojayeonjonghwan (KH-204, Korean herbal formula) improved LOH. KH-204 is a strong antioxidant herbal formula. We evaluated the effect of Korean herbal prescription on androgen receptor (AR) expression in an aged rat model of LOH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen-month-old rats were used as aged LOH rat models. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups of six animals each and treated with one of the following: 1) normal control group (oral administration with distilled water, n=6), 2) KH-204 200 group (oral administration with 200 mg/kg of KH-204, n=6), and 3) KH-204 400 group (oral administration with 400 mg/kg of KH-204, n=6). After four weeks of treatment (once daily, distilled water or KH-204), serum testosterone levels, changes in testicular and epididymal weight, Western blotting analysis of AR expression and measurement of oxidative stress were examined. RESULTS: Treatment with the herbal formulation KH-204 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (1) increased the weights of testis and epididymis; (2) increased the level of serum testosterone; (3) increased the level of superoxide dismutase and reduced the level of 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine; and (4) upregulated AR expression in testicular tissue. CONCLUSIONS: KH-204 might be an effective alternative for LOH. It improves antioxidant mechanisms and increases testicular AR expression without side-effects.
Aging* ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Epididymis ; Hypogonadism* ; Male ; Models, Animal* ; Oxidative Stress ; Phytotherapy ; Prescriptions ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Androgen* ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Testis ; Testosterone ; Water ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Several studies and papers have reported good short-term results for using 120W HPS laser PVP. Here we report the short-term and long-term clinical outcomes analysis with efficacy and safety of 120W HPS laser PVP for the treatment of BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective clinical analysis of 357 patients, who underwent 120W HPS laser PVP for the treatment of BPH from April, 2009 to Feb. 2011. The IPSS, Qmax and PVR values were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean age at the surgery; 70.35+/-8.28, mean prostate size; 46.56+/-21.11 ml, and mean PSA was 4.16+/-4.35 ng/ml. Mean operation time was 41.8+/-34.1 min, and mean lasing time was 19.8+/-11.3 min. Mean applied energy was 134,294.9+/-225,211.5 J. Thirty cases of co-operation were done. Mean catheter indwelling time was 0.84+/-0.36 day, and mean hospital stay was 1.1+/-0.2 day. The blood loss was minimal so transfusions were not needed. The baseline IPSS-sum; 19.61+/-9.13, QoL score; 4.28+/-1.02, Qmax; 7.94+/-5.51 ml/sec, PVR; 101.62+/-102.58 ml, At 1 month, IPSS-sum; 8.64+/-7.34, QoL score; 2.19+/-1.48, Qmax; 13.32+/-8.94 ml/sec, PVR; 32.54+/-46.07 ml was noted. At 12 months, IPSS-sum; 8.33+/-5.04, QoL score; 1.33+/-1.08, Qmax; 15.75+/-2.90 ml/sec, PVR; 21.56+/-31.28 ml was noted. Within 1 month of operation, 18 cases of dysuria and 27 cases of retention were reported but these were resolved with medication and observation. Compared with preoperative values, there were statistical improvements after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: 120W HPS laser showed statistical improvements after 1 month operation and these results were sustained for 12 months. Although limitations, our long term experience suggest that significant improvements in symptomatic and urodynamic outcomes of 120W HPS laser PVP.
Catheters ; Dysuria ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Length of Stay ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Retention (Psychology) ; Retrospective Studies ; Urodynamics ; Volatilization

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with the 120 W Greenlight high performance system (HPS) laser for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 389 BPH patients who underwent PVP with the 120 W HPS laser from April 2009 to August 2011. The patients were divided into groups according to IPP: group I was defined as IPP of 0 to 5 mm (n=216), group II as IPP of 5 to 10 mm (n=135), and group III as IPP above 10 mm (n=38). Prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual volume (PVR) were assessed and checked at postoperative 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the mean prostate size in each group (p<0.05). The preoperative total IPSS score, IPSS voiding symptom score, and quality of life score were not significantly different. However, the IPSS storage symptom score was significantly different between groups 1 and 2 and group 3. IPSS scores, Qmax, and PVR at postoperative 1, 3, 6, and 12 months showed significant improvement compared with preoperative values. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of IPP can affect storage symptoms. However, there is no significant correlation between the degree of IPP and postoperative results. Also, the degree of IPP does not affect short- and long-term PVP results. Proper elimination of bladder outlet obstruction is important for symptomatic relief.
Humans ; Indoles ; Laser Therapy ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Male ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Quality of Life ; Residual Volume ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction ; Volatilization

No abstract available.
Animals ; Blastocyst* ; Insulin* ; Mice*

PURPOSE: The cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is mostly organic in nature and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the presence of ED has been shown to be related to cardiovascular risk factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hyperlipidemia. This study evaluated the correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters in men with ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relationship between vascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in a total of 149 men with ED. The patients were stratified according to the type and number of risk factors present. Each patient underwent a penile duplex Doppler ultrasound study after injections of intracavernous prostaglandin E1 to evaluate penile blood flow parameters. The rates of arterial insufficiency, venoocclusive dysfunction, and nonvascular etiologies were also evaluated. These results were statistically compared with those from patients with ED without vascular risk factors. RESULTS: The poorest blood flow was found in patients with ED with DM. Arterial insufficiency was most prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease and DM (p<0.05). Venoocclusive dysfunction was observed most often in hypertensive patients with ED. Abnormal penile blood flow parameters correlated with the number of vascular risk factors present. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that cardiovascular risk factors are associated with abnormal penile blood flow. In addition, the number of risk factors is correlated with an increased probability of having abnormal blood flow parameters.
Alprostadil ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color